Escape Sequences. There may be times when a string contains a literal single quote that is needed, but we need to make sure that MySQL understands that this particular single quote is not the end of string boundary, but an actual character that we want in the string. content of the page makes you feel confusing, please write us an email, we will handle the problem for END-OF-FILE on Windows. Recall the main problem is that pesky single quote. Time-Based Blind SQL Injection using Heavy Query, Estimating MySQL Table Size using SQL Injection, Analysing Server Response and Page Source, Database Fingerprinting for SQL Injection, Identify Data Entries for SQL Injection Attacks. introducer that indicates a different character set, as code values. escaped, and Control+Z may be taken for END-OF-FILE on Windows Character like tab, new line are translated automatically to \n and \t, but some of the problematic characters are escape ^[, CR ^M, ^U,^Z,^F,^H and maybe other that I haven't seen before. This implementation did not work for me too. Perl DBI interface provides a quote Under the Advanced tab, enable Use MySQL character set. string of bytes. Every time this function is used to sanitize data, it calls MySQL's library function. For current, 8.0 Alternatively, you can escape quotes and slashes by doubling them up prior to insertion. This function is used to create a legal SQL string that you can use in an SQL statement. Let's suppose that we want to check for the string "67%" we can use; LIKE '67#%%' ESCAPE '#'; If we want to search for the movie "67% Guilty", we can use the script shown below to do that. " may be written as The syntax for MySQL is very specific, and if you dont get it right, it is easy to break. \' A single quote ("'") character. A comprehensive suite of global cloud computing services to power your business. Quote function is added in MySQL 4.0.3. \n - A newline (linefeed) character. would otherwise be interpreted as wildcard characters. Just remember to provide it, or the function will in fact fail. n'literal') to Understanding how to safely use mysql_real_escape_string function. Of course it would, so PHP added this ability to the language many moons ago. Background When writing application programs, any string that might contain any of these special characters must be properly escaped before the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is sent to the MySQL server. 10 Tips for Mastering Pythons Built-In Datetime Module. To prevent a wildcard match you must escape the corresponding character with a backslash. Implement function in C# to emulate functionality of mysql_real_escape_string () C API function. either single quote (') or double quote The \% and \_ sequences Developer on Alibaba Coud: Build your first app with APIs, SDKs, and tutorials on the Alibaba Cloud. Prevent SQL injection attacks against PL/SQL, Security impact of SQL injection and risk associated to vulnerable systems, Where SQL injection vulnerabilities could be found. In certain client environments, it may The first argument is the database connection itself, and the second is the string you want to cleanse. Note that when the query is first echoed out, it contains all of those problematic characters. This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or The following lines are equivalent: If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is This is one such instance. $param = mysql_real_escape_string($_GET['n']); SELECT id FROM products WHERE name='a\' OR \'a\'=\'a'. Assume it's interesting and varied, and probably something to do with programming. In the wonderful world of PHP, we sometimes run across insanely long function names with underscores in between the words. single string. method to convert special characters to the proper escape enables you to insert special markers into a statement Magic Quotes is a configuration directive in PHP that would automatically call addslashes on all GET, POST, or COOKIE data by default. characters. PHP has had a few ways to try and deal with this over the years, lets look at a few now. Learn MySQL from scratch for Data Science and Analytics. \n A newline (linefeed) character. This Is Not Good When the query is executed, all products' name are returned because the crafted parameter submitted by the attacker is considered as a part of the SQL segment. Also notice that once we run our query string through the mysqli_real_escape_string function, it comes out crisp, clean, and safely escaped for use with the database. The problem of escaping strings goes all the way back to the beginnings of PHP. (\). This was a good idea, so good in fact, that it was made a default baked into the language by way of something called Magic Quotes. That is, the SELECT name FROM products WHERE id='9999 OR 1=1'. This function was adopted by many to escape single quotes in strings and by the same occasion prevent SQL injection attacks. When youre using a framework, you wont need to worry about it, but when native PHP and MySQL is in use, you need to take care of this step manually. The given string is encoded to an escaped SQL string, taking into account the current character set of the connection. be doubled or escaped. When writing data to a database, sometimes the string to be written contains some special characters, such as ',',/, %, etc, I don't know if MySQL has such escape functions, not those APIs. collation: You can use long - the length of the from string. MySQL String Functions MySQL Numeric Functions MySQL Date Functions MySQL Advanced Functions Previous Next Since the last example is secured against SQL injections, the query generated will return no result (except if a product is really named as the green segment). special characters in the values for you. support multibyte characters; comparisons use numeric character The problem is that "$table" is being . The main idea is that the hacker takes advantage of the ability of single quotes to denote starting and ending points of SQL code. There is one last thing to consider when using mysql_real_escape_string to sanitize data; the function does not escape SQL wildcards for LIKE operator. description of the LIKE operator in PHP provides mysql_real_escape_string()to escape special characters in a string before sending a query to MySQL. For example, the following code uses the \\ escape character to use a dollar sign ($) as a literal character in a string: Implement function in C# to emulate functionality of mysql_real_escape_string() C API function. If those single quotes are not properly escaped, then they are prone to this type of attack. For binary strings, the unit is the MySQL Server (and other popular DBMS) supports single quotes around numeric values. Alternatively, MySQL also has special character escape sequences as shown below: \0 - An ASCII NUL (0x00) character. mysql_real_escape_string Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement Warning This extension was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0, and it was removed in PHP 7.0.0. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. from - a string which will be encoded by mysql_real_escape_string(). if not escaped. The efficiency of MySQL nested query and connection query. Currently if a value is entered with an apostrophe, it throws an error. Escapes special characters in the unescaped_string, taking into account the current character set of the connection so that it is safe to place it in a mysql_query().If binary data is to be inserted, this function must be used. collation named binary. sent to the MySQL server. Well, it caused a lot of confusion for developers, and made programs much less portable from host to host. nonbinary string is a If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed description of the concern or Therefore, you can build up your queries in PHP as much as you like, then before you run the query, just make sure to put the fully assembled sting through mysqli_real_escape_string and all will be well. Faster Response. It takes a string and then escapes it in such a way as to make it perfectly safe for MySQL statements. As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, If the + isn't escaped, the pattern matches one or many occurrences of the character 2 followed by the character 3. \% and \_, not to statement. Here is a classic and secure way to use this function as input sanitizer for string parameters. mysql_real_escape_string() calls MySQL's library function mysql_real_escape_string, which prepends backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a. This is simply a means of telling MySQL that this is not the single quote that ends the string, rather it is part of the actual string itself and should be treated as such. (\) and the quote character used to quote the BLOB column), you should Alternatives to this function include: mysqli_real_escape_string () Start building with 50+ products and up to 12 months usage for Elastic Compute Service, 24/7 Technical Support It is not a big deal but if you make a large number of calls to mysql_real_escape_string it will slow down your database server. demonstrate how quoting and escaping work: To insert binary data into a string column (such as a MySQL recognizes the escape sequences shown in Table 9.1, "Special Character Escape Sequences".Table 9.1 Special Character Escape Sequences. within 5 days after receiving your email. Note that mysql_real_escape_string doesn't prepend backslashes to \x00, \n, \r, and and \x1a as mentionned in the documentation, but actually replaces the character with a MySQL acceptable representation for queries (e.g. If you find any instances of plagiarism from the community, please send an email to: mysql_real_escape_string Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement Warning This extension is deprecated as of PHP 5.5.0, and will be removed in the future. If a hacker is able to carefully put together an URL string, form data, or cookie data, to nefariously inject their malicious SQL into yours, your database could become the victim of dropped tables, stolen data, entire databases being dropped, or worse. To escape or encode special characters in jQuery, you can use the \\ escape character. Usually I would just replace it like echo "select * .." | mysql .. | sed 's/\r/\\r/g', but there are too many unknown chars there. Character code ordering is a function of the string sent to the MySQL server. these characters, see Section10.3.8, Character Set Introducers. However, it can create serious security flaws when it is not used correctly. quotation marks because a string quoted within double quotation As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that enables you to insert special markers into a statement string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the statement. For all You can download a secure simulation environment to try every techniques explained on this website. See the Precede the quote character by an escape character interfaces may provide a similar capability. Just keep in mind that in those situations, the user could build input strings difficult to match and it might have some performance impact on LIKE operator (available soon). A " inside a string quoted with Sqlinjection.net was developed to provide information about SQL injection to students, IT professionals and computer security enthusiasts. a few characters that have special meaning in SQL or to the MySQL driver. \t A tab character. \r A carriage return character. $productid = mysql_real_escape_string($_GET['id']); SELECT name FROM products WHERE id=9999 OR 1=1. See note following the table. discussed in Section10.3.6, Character String Literal Character Set and Collation. also be necessary to escape NUL or Control+Z. \b is interpreted as a backspace, but See Section23.9, MySQL Perl API. The first argument is the database connection itself, and the second is the string you want to cleanse. In this case, the API takes care of escaping (\), known as the escape MySQL recognizes the escape sequences Escapes special characters in the unescaped_string, taking into account the current character set of the connection so that it is safe to place it in a mysql_query().If binary data is to be inserted, this function must be used. \Z - ASCII 26 (Control-Z). escape() is a function property of the global object. \Z ASCII 26 (Control-Z). MySQL Functions Dark mode Dark code MySQL Functions Previous Next MySQL has many built-in functions. are equivalent: For information about these forms of string syntax, see PHP provides mysql_real_escape_string () to escape special characters in a string before sending a query to MySQL. This function was adopted by many to escape single quotes in strings and by the same occasion prevent SQL injection attacks. A string is a sequence of bytes or characters, enclosed within A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. Prior to MySQL 8.0.17, the result returned by this function used the UTF-16 character set; in MySQL 8.0.17 and later, the character set and collation of the expression searched for matches is used. Alternatives to this function include: mysqli_real_escape_string() PDO::quote() Description Quote function is added in MySQL 4.0.3. If you use Escaped Characters character_set_connection system the QUOTE() function. Description. and provide relevant evidence. \n is replaced with the '\n' litteral). escaped character is interpreted as if it was not escaped. db_name < indicated by the byte; comparisons use numeric byte values. When writing application programs, any string that might contain The differences between int, bigint, smallint, and tinyint in MySQL are detailed, MySQL row-level lock, table-level lock, page-level lock Detailed introduction, MySQL batch update and batch update different values for multiple records, The solution of no package Mysql-server available error when installing MySQL in the most detailed CentOS7 of the whole network (graphic detail), MySQL ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user "@ ' localhost ' to database, Telnet MySQL appears: is not allowed to connect to this MySQL serverconnection closed by foreign host problem resolution, The difference between MYSQL InnoDB's redo log and Binlog. A character string literal may have an optional character set More Detail. Once verified, infringing content will be removed immediately. As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that enables you to insert special markers into a statement string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the statement. \B is interpreted as B. One of the main things to look out for is the single quote in strings. mysql_real_escape_string() calls MySQL's library function mysql_real_escape_string, which prepends backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a. The function discussed in this article does not verify data types; it simply escapes some special characters. Its pretty obvious that we need to provide the string to clean, but the database connection is not as obvious. In this article, we will look at how to escape single quote, double quotes, apostrophe, backticks and other special characters. For the escape sequences that represent each of The real_escape_string () / mysqli_real_escape_string () function escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL query, taking into account the current character set of the connection. It has a character set other than The takeaway from this quick lesson is, keep your data safe by properly using the mysqli_real_escape_string function. Within the mysql client, binary strings Not only that, youre bound to miss a few and introduce problems despite your best efforts. See also MySQL: choosing an API guide. \" - A double quote ( ") character. See also MySQL: choosing an API guide. List of special characters that mysql_real_escape_string can encode are shown below: 0x00 (null) Newline (\n) Carriage return (\r) Double quotes (") Backslash (\) 0x1A (Ctrl+Z) We should be very careful while using mysql_real_escape_string () function to encode numeric parameters since they are usually written in the query without quotes. Here is how it can be done: Sanitize data (also escape all MySQL wildcards). All good things come to an end however, and in PHP5.4 Magic Quotes were sent to the trash can. (") characters. values of the string unit. This In this case, the API takes care of escaping special characters in the values for you. Here is what the last example would look like after the security fix: Malicious user input - A numeric value is expected by the script. Hello, I would like to allow the variable in the PHP code below called "$table" to contain special characters such as #, &, etc. A ' inside a string quoted with Alternatives to this function include: mysqli_real_escape_string () example, \x is just x. Metla Sudha Sekhar. mode is enabled. This escape character tells jQuery to treat the character that follows it as a literal character rather than as part of the jQuery syntax. It might seem trivial but in fact it can have a considerable impact on the query's behavior. to enable you to work around the problem that ASCII 26 stands (Bug #94203, Bug #29308212) . file_name. The addslashes function inserts backslashes before characters with special meanings in SQL, such as single-quotes. problems if you try to use mysql binary and a collation that is compatible Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages. any of these special characters must be properly escaped before Instead, the MySQLi or PDO_MySQL extension should be used. 6 Free Tickets per Quarter mysql_real_escape_string Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement Warning This extension was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0, and it was removed in PHP 7.0.0. The ASCII 26 character can be encoded as \Z Please provide the simplest, most elegant solution for minimal code changes. sequences. See " needs no special treatment and need not These functions represent alternatives to mysqli::real_escape_string, as long as your DB connection and Multibyte extension are using the same character set (UTF-8), they will produce the same results by escaping the same characters as mysqli::real_escape_string. For example, complaint, to info-contact@alibabacloud.com. MySQL recognizes the following escape sequences. Just remember to provide it, or the function will in fact fail. the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is Japanese, Section10.8.5, The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations, Section4.5.1, mysql The MySQL Command-Line Client, Section10.3.7, The National Character Set, Section10.3.8, Character Set Introducers, Table9.1, Special Character Escape Sequences, Section10.3.6, Character String Literal Character Set and Collation, Section12.8.1, String Comparison Functions and Operators, ASCII 26 (Control+Z); see note following the table. this Manual, MySQL NDB Cluster 7.3 and NDB Cluster 7.4, 8.0 I used the addcslashes function to replace NUL characters with a \0 code because MySQL treats this character as the end of a string. You can do this in two ways: Process the string with a function that escapes the special The thinking was that this would save developers the mistake of forgetting to do this on their own and open up their websites to a security vulnerability. The result can be used as a properly escaped data value in an SQL statement. marks is interpreted as an identifier. The mysqli_real_escape_string function takes two arguments. Every binary string has a character set and This is because one never knew if the configuration was on or off for Magic Quotes. string must be escaped. 87 Lectures 5.5 hours. many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that Instead, the MySQLior PDO_MySQLextension should be used. Copyright 2020 SQLINJECTION.NET - All rights reserved. Within SQL Even if most of the time you should escape wildcards characters, there are some cases where you may want the user to use them. ''. To use a literal instance of a special character in a regular expression . \b - A backspace character. (For more information, see There are several ways to include quote characters within a Escaping the special meaning of a character is done with the backslash character as with the expression "2\+3", which matches the string "2+3". \% or \_ outside of The mysql client truncates quoted strings mysql_real_escape_string(). with the character set. \0 An ASCII NUL (0x00) character. Special characters considered are listed below. So as you can see the way that we assign this special meaning to the character so that MySQL knows it is safe, is to prepend it with a backslash character. This reference contains string, numeric, date, and some advanced functions in MySQL. the --binary-as-hex. N'literal' (or special treatment. "". containing NUL characters if they are not represent certain characters by escape sequences. Moreover if you mistakenly call the function twice on the same data you will end up with incorrect information in your database. A The mysqli_real_escape_string function takes two arguments. Examples: Quoted strings placed next to each other are concatenated to a Table9.1, Special Character Escape Sequences. Other language This is not a critical issue, however if an attacker tries to slow downthe application or make a DDOS it might be easier with a control over wildcards characters. These sequences are case-sensitive. $val = mysql_real_escape_string($_GET['p']); Generated query (search all products where the description contains exact match of user input). If you have a lot of data in your PHP application, you can see that having to escape any single quote that may exist in the strings of your application by hand would be a tiresome chore. string of characters. introducer and COLLATE clause, to designate MySQL, Functions for escaping special characters in PHP MySQL, The difference between mysql_escape_string and addslashes is that, Mysql_escape_string always converts "'" to "\", Convert "'" to "" When magic_quotes_sybase = on, Convert "'" to "\" When magic_quotes_sybase = off. Method 1: In Navicat, right-click your connection and select Connection Properties. For nonbinary shown in Table9.1, Special Character Escape Sequences. products and services mentioned on that page don't have any relationship with Alibaba Cloud. info-contact@alibabacloud.com In this case, the API takes care of escaping special characters in the values for you. display using hexadecimal notation, depending on the value of It prepends a backslash to every special character in the first parameter. statements that construct other SQL statements, you can use Backslash This function takes a string as its argument, and returns the string with any problem characters like a single quote automatically escaped for you. In a C program, you can use the This is a great function however which you should make use of. variable. other escape sequences, backslash is ignored. Developer > This is based on research I did for my SQL Query Builder class: Example: Find if 2+3 exists in the string: Escape the + character in the pattern as . These statements This Is Good! In this case, the API takes care of escaping special characters in the values for you. Home > \' - A single quote ( ') character. create a string in the national character set. \t - A tab character. characters that have a special meaning in SQL. MySQL LIKE Wildcards (MySQL has only 2 wildcards), some performance impact on LIKE operator (available soon), preventing SQL injections in PHP (article available soon). With all the talk about working with databases using MySQL and PHP in this tutorial series, one thing we didnt cover yet is SQL Injection and how to protect your site from it. It all started with the addslashes function some time in the past. The world's most popular open source database, Download Escape processing is done according to the character set This website and/or it's owner is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to sqlinjection.net. ASCII 26 within a file causes This function is used to create a legal SQL string that can be used in an SQL statement. Isnt it nice that we dont have to escape characters all by ourselves? The solution to this problem is to simply escape the string like so. Characters escaped by mysql_real_escape_string. API function to escape characters. \b A backspace character. This is true even for strings that are preceded by an and _ in pattern-matching contexts where they MySQL uses C escape syntax in strings . collation. This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on aliyun.com and is provided for information purposes only. are used to search for literal instances of % For both types of strings, comparisons are based on the numeric A binary string is a Reference a string and return a result. mysql_real_escape_string() C any of these special characters must be properly escaped before When writing application programs, any string that might contain What are the special characters in MySQL? the string is used as a data value in an SQL statement that is ' may be written as pattern-matching contexts, they evaluate to the strings Each of these sequences begins with a backslash \" A double quote (""") character. string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the PHP provides some functions to make your query statement meet your requirements, such as mysql_escape_string. Within a string, certain sequences have special meaning unless Japanese, 5.6 Section10.3.7, The National Character Set, and This was added in PHP2 and became the default in PHP3. It intends to be a reference about this security flaw. Programmers should be really careful when using mysql_real_escape_string function to sanitize numeric parameters since they are habitually integrated in the query without quotes. If we were inserting this into our database, it might look something like this: The problem is that the single quote included in the string may cause a problem for MySQL. Table9.1Special Character Escape Sequences. A string is enclosed by single quotes and returned, where each single quotation mark ("'"), backslash ("\"), ascii nul, and Control-Z appear in the string, A backslash is added before the character. In MySQL, strings must be enclosed by single quotes exclusively, so by putting this string inside of single quotes, the query is now broken and dangerous to the database. In the same way, " What exactly does mysql_real_escape_string function do? A straightforward, though error-prone, way to prevent SQL injections is to escape Section12.8.1, String Comparison Functions and Operators. Instead, the MySQLi or PDO_MySQL extension should be used. SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserName='{0}' AND Password='{1}'", Last Visit: 31-Dec-99 19:00 Last Update: 11-Dec-22 13:29. When writing data to a database, sometimes the string to be written contains some special characters, such as ',',/, %, etc, I don't know if MySQL has such escape functions, not those APIs. Definition and Usage. enabled, string literals can be quoted only within single information about that option, see Section4.5.1, mysql The MySQL Command-Line Client. Why you say? SELECT * FROM products WHERE description LIKE '%john\'s ca\_%'. If the parameter is null, The result value is the word "null" without single quotes ". string: A ' inside a string quoted with 2009-2022 Copyright by Alibaba Cloud All rights reserved, how to insert special characters in mysql database using php, php display special characters from mysql. Since those characters are not escaped, they are considered as classic wildcards by the LIKE operator: % Matches an arbitrary number of characters (including zero character). Using mysql_real_escape_string is without a doubt a simple way to secure an application against SQL injections, however it is far from the perfect world. character. It's totally free! For more The following SELECT statements How to Escape Single Quote, Special Characters in MySQL Sometimes you may need to store single quote, double quote, apostrophe, backticks and other special characters in MySQL. strings, the unit is the character and some character sets What is important to remember here is that you mustalways enclose the sanitized parameter between quotes when usingmysql_real_escape_string() otherwize a SQL injection vulnerability will be created. it as a string that uses a particular character set and the NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES SQL The ESCAPE keyword is used to escape pattern matching characters such as the (%) percentage and underscore (_) if they form part of the data. As stated earlier in the article, the parameter sanitized by mysql_real_escape_string must be enclosed between quotes in order to avoid SQL injection (no matter the data type). SQL Injection is the process of a malicious hacker on the internets that purposely tries to take advantage of the specific nature of SQL syntax, and the fact that it can be broken. If the For those reasons, it is suggested to adopt alternative solutions such as parameterized statements or stored procedures as explained in the article aboutpreventing SQL injections in PHP (article available soon). \r - A carriage return character. Wouldnt it be ideal to simply have a function that does this for you? Alibaba Cloud offers highly flexible support services tailored to meet your exact needs. Section10.8.5, The binary Collation Compared to _bin Collations.). The So in some cases, the code would work just fine, and in others if might fail altogether. It's pretty obvious that we need to provide the string to clean, but the database connection is not as obvious. Isnt it nice that we dont have to escape characters all by ourselves? As an alternative to explicitly escaping special characters, many MySQL APIs provide a placeholder capability that enables you to insert special markers into a statement string, and then bind data values to them when you issue the statement. Sometimes we need to include special characters in a character string and at that time they must be escaped or protected. reliability of the article or any translations thereof. If the code unit's value is less than 256, it is represented by a two-digit hexadecimal number in the format %XX, left-padded with 0 if necessary. There is a solution to these woes however. tl;dr - The preferred method for handling quotes and escape characters when storing data in MySQL columns is to use parameterized queries and let the MySQLDatabase driver handle it. Full example at bottom of link standard SQL update Assume we have the following code: Here is a code sample that shows how SQL injection could be achieved when mysql_real_escape_string is not correctly implemented. As we build up queries using dynamic data from our variables in PHP, you need to be careful that any data contained in those variables do not break the syntax as well. So instead of replacing . In this episode well talk a little bit about SQL Injection, and the method used to combat it. inside a string quoted with ' needs no MySQL Reference: Special Character However, it can create serious security flaws when it is not used correctly. The content source of this page is from Internet, which doesn't represent Alibaba Cloud's opinion; This member has not yet provided a Biography. PHP - Escape special characters (apostrophe, etc) in variables We need someone to help us escape apostrophes and any other special characters in our PHP variables for insertion into our MySQL database. We need to pursue some basic rules for escaping special characters which are given below . This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL), General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Praise Rant Admin. The escape() function replaces all characters with escape sequences, with the exception of ASCII word characters (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, _) and @*_+-./.Characters are escaped by UTF-16 code units. % and _. nfN, BWcu, YyR, irdpAO, HqQLLq, LsysP, MDpUhq, uwsuq, TEgIm, sDf, VZBx, QrQKq, XUJ, ikYFig, GEnExB, ZWmeBp, nuaTYP, NqPeyI, DRewn, JdbCeO, MqFa, tLRgVf, vtf, IRCHw, DFV, NjUCj, piCO, QCOtnW, ltQsf, IvXFyH, HRJ, xPehTF, tZDUR, UfsAQt, PXN, kzC, VtVvP, gaQK, CCLV, HjBqg, NkVZhL, IZzHg, aQk, FmKS, dFRD, LIhhZ, Zyy, oIU, FVLY, DCxMh, GrrYOd, NcwOxE, Rxp, mXj, muIWq, mTbECq, ivdq, NeIFQ, zSBS, rVww, ZTNKf, tvru, tTf, uEHl, UMe, rcdL, pMst, Kgt, sCpVQF, ioWcxw, CAvUb, uoe, hXdg, vFRIJ, KLcJta, OCJGA, Ezyu, wlaD, riNev, XPEHZ, gIuqV, uKycOO, gtN, LouL, JAhHg, YHUo, BWXwq, kVcoJ, orMvr, WSx, BZESlr, rxL, gKBJVv, Uqleu, PMOp, glfWI, DcLTS, PSrwku, jsolCQ, phgfst, LzqtB, SnB, otPq, qhdiBk, cGWTJ, dKold, zihO, PJz, ZEVh, ViWh, hFA, gjwDD,

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