Therefore, the potential energy of the system is \[-19.2eV\]. A safety appliance bracket or support means a component or part attached to the equipment for the sole purpose of securing or attaching of the safety appliance. (c) The allowable stress shall be the lesser of the yield stress, except as otherwise allowed by this paragraph, or the critical buckling stress. The consequences of a functional failure determine the priority of a maintenance effort. (1) Passenger equipment placed in service prior to January 1, 2007, that is equipped with a safety appliance, required by the manner of application provisions in part 231 of this chapter to be attached by a mechanical fastener (i.e., bolts, rivets, or screws), and the safety appliance is mechanically fastened to a bracket or support that is attached to the equipment by welding may continue to be used in service provided all of the requirements in paragraphs (e) through (k) of this section are met. Due to the slight conductivity of the atmosphere up to about \[50km\] (beyond which is a good conductor), about \[1800C\] is pumped every second into the earth as a whole. Where \[{{E}_{0}}\] is the electric field between the plates. (a) General. The pusher is located between the explosive lens and the tamper. A long-distance intercity passenger train that misses a scheduled exterior calendar day mechanical inspection due to a delay en route may continue in service to the location where the inspection was scheduled to be performed. Fissile U-235 makes the best spark plugs because its critical mass is larger, especially in the cylindrical shape of early thermonuclear secondaries. (2) Each comment shall be submitted to the Associate Administrator for Safety, Federal Railroad Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Mail Stop 25, Washington, DC 20590. Are fire doors and shutters in good operating condition? Critical buckling stress means the minimum stress necessary to initiate buckling of a structural member. (2) A horizontal, longitudinal force of 300,000 pounds, applied at a point on level with the bottom of the windshield, without exceeding its ultimate strength. Shear strength means the ability of a structural member to resist forces or components of forces acting perpendicular to compression or tension forces, or both, in the member. [64 FR 25660, May 12, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 19990, Apr. Surface charge density at the outer surface of the shell. The electric field has a normal component at each end of the cylinder and no normal component along the curved surface of the cylinder. An insulating sphere with a radius of 20 cm carries a uniform volume charge density of 1.5 x 10-6 C/m3. Crippling of the body structure is defined as reaching the maximum point on the load-versus-displacement characteristic. (1) FRA will conduct a hearing on a petition in accordance with the procedures provided in 211.25 of this chapter. Are jacks checked periodically to assure they are in good operating condition? (8) Each wheel does not have any of the following conditions: (i) A single flat spot that is 212 inches or more in length, or two adjoining spots that are each two or more inches in length; (ii) A gouge or chip in the flange that is more than 112 inches in length and 12 inch in width; (iii) A broken rim, if the tread, measured from the flange at a point 58 of an inch above the tread, is less than 334 inches in width; (iv) A shelled-out spot 212 inches or more in length, or two adjoining spots that are each two or more inches in length; (v) A seam running lengthwise that is within 334 inches of the flange; (vi) A flange worn to a 78 inch thickness or less, gauged at a point 38 of an inch above the tread; (vii) A tread worn hollow 516 of an inch or more; (viii) A flange height of 112 inches or more measured from the tread to the top of the flange; (x) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(8)(iii) of this section, a crack or break in the flange, tread, rim, plate, or hub; (9) No part or appliance of a passenger coach, except the wheels, is less than 212 inches above the top of the rail. Hence, it is the average value, $\frac{E}{2}$, of the field that contributes to the force. [citation needed], Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell on the drawing board how this will play out. A repair point need not be staffed continuously. 5. (ii) For bi-parting doors, each manual override device and each retention mechanism shall be conspicuously and legibly marked with luminescent material. Turbo and super charged engines actually tend to have lower compression ratios than related naturally aspirated engines. Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Requirements for Tier I Passenger Equipment. (1) Load case 1 - minor derailment. Ans: Length of the side of a cube is given as \[=b\]. (c) Availability of records. (iv) If a railroad determines that the design of the equipment makes it impractical to mechanically fasten the safety appliance or the safety appliance bracket or support to the equipment, then the railroad shall submit a request to FRA for special approval of alternative compliance pursuant to 238.21. A fire or smoke detector shall be installed in any unoccupied compartment when the analysis determines that such equipment is necessary to ensure sufficient time for the safe evacuation of passengers and crewmembers from the train. Question 7. When a unit of the trainset is 45 feet or less in length, a means to initiate a passenger brake alarm need only be provided at one location in the unit. Bind means restrict the intended movement of one or more brake system components by obstruction, increased friction, or reduced clearance. Both the operating restrictions and safety parameters shall be approved by FRA. Are employees prohibited from eating in areas where hazardous chemicals are present? (2) APTA PR-CS-S-016-99, Rev. The petition shall be filed as provided in 238.21. The emergency window exits shall be accessible to passengers in the seating area without requiring movement through an interior door or to another level of the car. The failure detection system shall report brake system failures to the automated train monitoring system. Particles like protons, deuterons, \[\alpha \]-particles etc are accelerated to high speeds and energies. Is there safe clearance for walking in aisles where motorized or mechanical handling equipment is operating. How much electrostatic energy is lost in the process? Is red used to identify the acetylene (and other fuel-gas) hose, green for oxygen hose, and black for inert gas and air hose? Water has an unsymmetrical space as compared to mica. Each manual override device shall conform with the requirements of paragraphs (f)(4), (f)(5)(ii), and (f)(6) of this section. Is the glass in windows, doors, glass walls that are subject to human impact, of sufficient thickness and type for the condition of use? The electric potential \[V\] at the centre of the cube is due to the presence of eight charges at the vertices. If \[{{C}_{1}}=3pF\] and \[{{C}_{2}}=2pF\], calculate the equivalent capacitance of the given network between A and B? (2) The requirements of this paragraph (a) do not apply to unoccupied passenger equipment operating in a passenger train, or to the rear end of a locomotive if the end is unoccupied by design. By the time the explosion envelops it, its implosion will be separated both in time and space from the implosion of the first hemisphere. Long-distance intercity and long-distance Tier II passenger trains which develop inoperative power brake equipment resulting in at least 75 percent but less than 85 percent operative brakes may be used only if all of the following restrictions are observed: (A) The train may be moved in passenger service only to the next forward repair location identified for repair of that equipment by the railroad operating the equipment in the list required by 238.19(d); however, if the next forward repair location does not have the facilities to handle the safe unloading of passengers, the train may be moved past the designated repair location in service only to the next forward passenger station in order to facilitate the unloading of passengers; and. = 180, Question 2. (5) All electronic equipment shall be self-protected from damage or improper operation, or both, due to high voltage transients and long-term over-voltage or under-voltage conditions. Instead of the requirements of 238.205, the units of a Tier I alternative passenger trainset may demonstrate their ability to resist vertical climbing and override at each colliding interface during a train-to-train collision by complying with the dynamic collision requirements in 238.707(a). Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 15:45. (1) A railroad shall not continue passenger equipment in service that has a roller bearing whose truck was involved in a derailment unless the bearing has been inspected and tested in accordance with the railroad's procedures for handling defective equipment. Ans: Equidistant planes which are parallel to the x-y plane are the equipotential surfaces. Define the electric line of force and give its two important properties. (1) A Tier I alternative passenger trainset is subject to the interior fixture requirements in 238.233. What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates is reduced by half, and the space between them is filled with a substance of dielectric constant \[6\]? Complex components or systems are ones whose functional failure may result from many different failure modes and show little or no decrease in overall reliability with increasing age unless there is a dominant failure mode. Use Gauss law and superposition to determine the size and direction of the electric field at the following points, far from the outer edges of these discs. Its first three nuclear tests were fizzles: in 1953, two single-stage fission devices with uranium hydride pits, and in 1954, a two-stage thermonuclear device in which the secondary heated up prematurely, too fast for radiation implosion to work properly. It first became practical when incorporated into the secondary of a two-stage thermonuclear weapon. [64 FR 25660, May 12, 1999, as amended at 65 FR 41309, July 3, 2000; 77 FR 21357, Apr. (5) Automated tracking system. Our custom writing service is a reliable solution on your academic journey that will always help you if your deadline is too tight. (2) Collision posts are not required for the non-cab ends of any unit with push-back couplers and interlocking anti-climbing mechanisms in a Tier III trainset, or the non-cab ends of a semi-permanently coupled consist of trainset units, if the inter-car connection is capable of preventing disengagement and telescoping to the same extent as equipment satisfying the anti-climbing and collision post requirements in subpart C of this part. The rescue access windows shall permit emergency responders to gain access to passengers in the seating area without requiring movement through an interior door or to another level of the car. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively-charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially-charged image. Material of a higher yield strength may be used to decrease the required thickness of the material provided at least an equivalent level of strength is maintained. (4) Identify in writing any train component that is a risk of initiating fire and which requires overheat protection. (1) A record shall be maintained of each periodic mechanical inspection required to be performed by this section. The wire safety scheme described below was the result. (CBSE AI 2014) Overhead storage racks shall be attached to the car body with sufficient strength to resist loads due to the following individually applied accelerations acting on the mass of the luggage stowed as determined by the railroad: (c) Other interior fittings within a passenger car shall be attached to the car body with sufficient strength to withstand the following individually applied accelerations acting on the mass of the fitting: (d) To the extent possible, all interior fittings in a passenger car, except seats, shall be recessed or flush-mounted. (Passenger cars and other passenger equipment classified as locomotives under part 229 of this chapter are also covered by the movement restrictions contained in 229.9 of this chapter for those defective conditions covered by part 229 of this chapter.). (a) Train operator controls in the power car cab shall be arranged so as to minimize the chance of human error, and be comfortably within view and within easy reach when the operator is seated in the normal train control position. [citation needed] It was discovered in the mid-1950s that plutonium pits would be particularly susceptible to partial predetonation if exposed to the intense radiation of a nearby nuclear explosion (electronics might also be damaged, but this was a separate problem). The cylinder is very long (you may assume infinitely long). (The direction of \[\hat{n}\] is from side \[1\]to side \[2\]). Data obtained from this test, and others, culminated in the eventual deployment of the highest yielding US nuclear weapon known, and the highest yield-to-weight weapon ever made, a three-stage thermonuclear weapon with a maximum "dirty" yield of 25 megatons, designated as the B41 nuclear bomb, which was to be carried by U.S. Air Force bombers until it was decommissioned; this weapon was never fully tested. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, a complete exterior and interior mechanical inspection, in accordance with the railroad's inspection program, shall be conducted by a qualified maintenance person at least once during each calendar day the equipment is used in service. Ans: The distance between the electron-proton of a hydrogen atom is given as, \[d=0.53\overset{{}^\circ }{\mathop{A}}\,\]. Identify for each case, whether the dipole is in stable or unstable equilibrium. Can the work be performed without eyestrain or glare to the employees? A positive charge travels from higher potential to lower potential when placed in an electric field. Are grinders, saws, and similar equipment provided with appropriate safety guards? Or All mechanical gauges and all devices providing electronic indication of air pressure that are used by the engineer to aid in the control or braking of a Tier III trainset shall be located so they may be conveniently read from the engineer's normal position during operation of the trainset. Due to the physics of the shock wave propagation within the explosive mass, this requires the pit to be a prolate spheroid, that is, roughly egg shaped. Ans: Capacitance of the given capacitors are. An emergency brake application shall be available at any time, and shall be initiated by an unintentional parting of the train. Are ground-fault circuit interrupters installed on each temporary 15 or 20 ampere, 120 volt AC circuit at locations where construction, demolition, modifications, alterations or excavations are being performed? Answer: Since the two spheres are connected with a wire, their potential \[V\] will become equal. [64 FR 25660, May 12, 1999, as amended at 74 FR 25174, May 27, 2009]. Consider a uniform spherical distribution of the charge. (2) Collision posts. (5) If the engineer does not acknowledge the passenger brake alarm as specified in paragraph (d)(4) of this section, at a minimum, a retrievable full service brake application shall be automatically initiated until the trainset has stopped unless the engineer intervenes as described in paragraph (d)(6) of this section. Our establishment is on a designated high hazard industry list. (d) Each railroad shall make available to FRA for inspection and copying upon request each safety plan required by this section and any documentation required pursuant to such plan. (c) Passenger equipment shall be provided with an emergency brake application feature that produces an irretrievable stop, using a brake rate consistent with prevailing adhesion, passenger safety, and brake system thermal capacity. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each exterior window on a passenger car and a power car cab shall comply with the requirements contained in part 223 of this chapter. The railroad shall adopt and comply with and submit to FRA upon request a written safety appliance inspection plan. Are compressors equipped with pressure relief valves, and pressure gauges? (1) Prior to January 28, 2015, each emergency window exit shall be conspicuously and legibly marked with luminescent material on the inside of each car to facilitate egress. (2) The deceleration of the occupied volumes of each trailer car shall not exceed 8g. Is care taken not to drop or strike cylinders? Have engineering controls been used to reduce excessive noise levels? (f) Movement of trains with other defects. Two charges \[-q\] and \[+q\] are located at points \[\left( 0,0,-a \right)\] and \[\left( 0,0,a \right)\]. shall be designed against acting as passageways for fire and smoke and representative penetrations shall be included as part of test assemblies. Nuclear weapons are in large part designed by trial and error. In particular -. Find the value of an electric field that would completely balance the weight of an electron. Is it prohibited to use cylinders as rollers or supports? A seatback is not an obstruction if it can be moved away from the window opening without using a tool or other implement. Each passenger car shall comply with the following: (1) For modified girder, semi-monocoque, or truss construction, the sum of the section moduli in inches3 - about a longitudinal axis, taken at the weakest horizontal section between the side sill and side plate - of all posts and braces on each side of the car located between the body corner posts shall be not less than 0.30 multiplied by the distance in feet between the centers of end panels. Are all flammable liquids kept in closed containers when not in use (e.g. The inspector shall walk the train in order to position himself or herself to accurately observe each indicator. This paragraph (d)(3) applies to each emergency window exit subject to paragraph (d)(1) or (2) of this section. Running gear defect means any condition not in compliance with this part which involves a truck component, a draft system component, a wheel, or a wheel component. Whenever combustion-type equipment is used in confined space, are provisions made to ensure the exhaust gases are vented outside of the enclosure? \[\Rightarrow r=\frac{l}{2}=\frac{b\sqrt{2}}{2}\] is the difference between the centre of the cube and one of the eight vertices. Answer: How much charge does the can contain? Ans: Area of the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is given as, $A=90c{{m}^{2}}=90\times {{10}^{-4}}{{m}^{2}}$, Distance between the plates, $d=2.5mm=2.5\times {{10}^{-3}}m$, Potential difference across the plates, $V=400V$. Other job-specific hazards, such as ______________________________________________. 1, including but not limited to the following: a railroad; a manager, supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any independent contractor providing goods or services to a railroad; and any employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or independent contractor. Ans: Total required capacitance is given as, $C=2\mu F$, Potential difference is given as, $V=1kV=1000V$, Capacitance of each capacitor, ${{C}_{1}}=1\mu F$. (b) The hardware and software safety program shall be based on a formal safety methodology that includes a Failure Modes, Effects, Criticality Analysis (FMECA); verification and validation testing for all hardware and software components and their interfaces; and comprehensive hardware and software integration testing to ensure that the hardware and software system functions as intended. Interior fixtures must also comply with APTA PR-CS-S-006-98, Rev. This work done is stored as potential energy U. U = pE(cos 2 cos 1) 16. Are fire extinguishers mounted so that employees do not have to travel more than 75 feet for a class "A" fire or 50 feet for a class "B" fire? (ii) For a single-level passenger car ordered prior to September 8, 2000, and placed in service prior to September 9, 2002, the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) apply on or after August 1, 2009 if the car has at least two exterior side doors (or door leaves), each with a manual override device, and such doors (or door leaves) are located one on each side of the car, in opposite ends (halves) of the car (i.e., in diagonally-opposite quadrants). Are signs posted to warn of the automatic starting feature of the compressors? Potential difference across ${{C}_{4}}={{V}_{4}}$, ${{Q}_{4}}=CV=\frac{200}{3}\times {{10}^{-12}}\times 300=2\times {{10}^{-8}}C$, $\therefore {{V}_{4}}=\frac{{{Q}_{4}}}{{{C}_{4}}}=\frac{2\times {{10}^{-8}}}{100\times {{10}^{-12}}}=200V$. Trainset unit means a trainset segment located between connecting arrangements (articulations). With the drain opening located at the low point of the reservoir, one row of holes shall be drilled lengthwise on the reservoir on a line intersecting the drain opening and sloped to the drain opening. Are cylinders containing liquefied fuel gas, stored or transported in a position so that the safety relief device is always in direct contact with the vapor space in the cylinder? The requirements contained in this appendix are intended to address the structural and puncture resistance properties of the locomotive fuel tank to reduce the risk of fuel spillage to acceptable levels under derailment and minor collision conditions. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by the relation, \[{{\in }_{0}}=\]permittivity of free space\[=8.85\times {{10}^{-12}}{{C}^{2}}{{N}^{-1}}{{m}^{2}}\], \[A=\frac{2\times 0.5\times {{10}^{-2}}}{8.85\times {{10}^{-12}}}\]. (iii) The truck frame is not broken and is not cracked in a stress area that may affect its structural integrity. 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