More about Kevin and links to his professional work can be found at www.kemibe.com. EMF has units of voltage (potential difference), not force. Magnetic Field Intensity Formula The letter symbol for magnetizing force (magnetic field intensity) is H. The following relationship defines H as; H = F l H = F l Where =applied MMF in ampere-turns l =average length of the magnetic path in meters Example Find the magnetic field intensity in the magnetic circuit shown below: Solution: The Magnetic Flux Calculator will caluclate the magnetic flux through a closed loop of a known area. E= - N d/dt. Magnetic flux can be defined as theproduct of the averagemagnetic fieldtimes the perpendicular area it is penetrating. Let's solve an example; Find the magnetic flux with a given area of 32 and a total magnetic field of 18. But for many practical purposes, the two are related by a simple numerical relationship: B= 0 H Alternatively, simplychat with us, wed be happy to discuss your needs with you. Solution B = 40773.9 nT; = 90 - 47 = 43; A = 3m2 We know that B = BAcos EXAMPLE 4.2 The magnetic flux density, B, is the total magnetic effect that results in iron: B = u 0 * u r * H, where u 0 is the permeability of free space, and u r is the relative permeability of the material. Magnetic flux density formula, B = H where, B is the magnetic flux density, is the magnetic permeability, H is the magnetic field strength Electric flux density at a point is the number of electric lines of force passing through the unit area around the point in the normal direction. To estimate the flux density B on the central axis at a distance x from the centre point, we use the formula below. Flux density, B g = g / A g. where, B is magnetic flux density in Teslas (T) is magnetic flux in Webers (Wb) A is area in square meters (m2) As we know that permeability of any material can be stated as the ratio of the magnetic flux . Summarised Notes About Magnetic Flux. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Electric fields and magnetic fields are two sides of the same coin: the electromagnetic field. "@type": "ListItem", Let's look at the basic formula to calculate flux density. If B is not uniform across the surface of A, the calculus definition is that = BdA. The formula for the Magnetic Flux Density is represented as: Some of the major differences between Magnetic Field and Magnetic Flux are: Read More:Magnetic Properties of Material, Electromagnetic Induction Handwritten Notes PDF, Read More:Induced electromotive force and current, Ques. We know that 100 lines equal to 1 Wb. The magnetic flux is the product of the area of a surface and the component of. The cross-sectional area of the gap Ag is either taken to be equal to that of the centre leg or is specified by the user, depending on the analysis case. Using an approximation, the results of the earlier analysis of 2 rod magnets facing each other can be applied to magnets in a steel circuit provided that the steel is not saturated. } r. What is magnetic flux density measured in? Evaluate the magnetic flux at the surface. As before, we use the principle of superposition. not so good, which way is Bmax meant to go with a change of N? of the users don't pass the Magnetic Flux Density quiz! If the angle between the magnetic field lines and the surface is 0, then the magnetic flux is maximum. Total magnetic flux is essentially a measure of how many magnetic field lines are passing through a given surface area A that is, a measure of the strength of the magnetic field. For AB, that is = 90, then according to the formula of magnetic flux we get: The Magnetic Flux Density can be defined as the measure of the strength of the magnetic field at one particular point. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. You can find new, Magnetic Flux Density | Definition and Formula, Flux density is the measure of the number of. Magnetic flux density (B) is defined as the force acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed at right angles to the magnetic field. By using following formula, we can calculate the flux density B, $B=\frac{1~\mu ~Wb}{1*{{10}^{-2}}{{m}^{2}}}=\frac{1*{{10}^{-6}}~Wb}{1*{{10}^{-2}}{{m}^{2}}}=1*~{{10}^{-4}}~T$. I am designing an electromagnet which will be used to test magnetic sensors. This applies to the four cases above, ie. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Negative values of H aren't shown but the graphs are symmetrical about the vertical axis. Flux Density (B) is related to Magnetic Field (H) by B=H. In electromagnetism theory, it is absolutely clear that these are different quantities and you need to be precise about which you are measuring. "@context": "http://schema.org", It can be expressed as electric flux passing through per unit area perpendicular to the direction of the Electric flux. 3. "@type": "ListItem", In mathematical terms, the result is B =. The magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area A is B = B A = BAcos Here, if the angle between the magnetic field lines and the given surface is 90, then the magnetic flux produced is very low or zero, i.e.. The angle where the field lines pass via the surface area is also vital. Measured in teslas (or microteslas or gauss). An external opposing torque 0.02 Nm is applied on the disc by which it comes rest in 5 seconds. Then the following empirical formula gives an approximate estimate of the force: This case simply plots a section from our digitized magnetic material property data for steel. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. =BScos, where is the projected angle between the plane and the plane perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Key Terms: Magnetic Field, Magnetic Flux Density, Magnet,Flux meter, Current, Guass, Magnetism,Uses of Inductor. If the magnetic flux changes with time . Since sin does not seem to satisfy the conditions for obtaining the maximum and minimum magnetic flux, only cos is used with the formula of magnetic flux. Ques. (detailed calculations and formula below) The Magnetic flux is Wb . where B1 is the flux density for a rectangular block at distance x1 = (d/2 + x), B2 is the flux density for a rectangular block at distance x2 = (d/2 x), d being the distance between the magnets. 0 is the permeability of free space: 0 = 4 10 -7 H/m. Dimensions of rectangular loop = 0.50 m and 0.60 m respectively. attractive) are placed parallel to each other. The magnetic flux through some surface is proportional to the number of field lines passing through that surface. "itemListElement": In a coil of resistance100 , a current is induced by changing the magnetic flux through it.. { Magnetic Flux Density is amount of magnetic flux through unit area taken perpendicular to direction of magnetic flux. It is usually denoted by the symbol "B" and is measured in units of teslas (symbol: T). "@id": "https://electricalacademia.com/electromagnetism/magnetic-flux-density-definition-unit-formula/", The magnetic flux (F) is the scalar product of the magnetic flux density (B) . o= Permeability of Free Space. What is the primary source of magnetism? Its 100% free. Note: Magnetic field and medium are considered as uniform; the loop has the same thickness everywhere. Because it allows us to measure the strength of the magnetic field per unit of length, area, or volume. The primary source of magnetism is the movement of charged particles. If magnetic field is non-uniform and can be found in different parts of the surface and is different in both magnitude and direction, then the total magnetic flux via the given surface can be denoted as thesummation of the product of every area element and its corresponding magnetic field. "name": "Home" Yes, it has a spatial direction that does not signal the direction of the associated force. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. 3. Magnetic flux formula Problems Problem (1): A square loop of side 3 cm is positioned in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.5 T so that the plane of the loop makes an angle of $60^\circ$ with the magnetic field. Next we calculate the magnetizing forces in the centre and outer legs MFc and MFo by lookups in the digitized material property data for steel (see Flux density vs magnetizing force for mild steel material above). How to calculate Magnetic flux density using this online calculator? Do two parallel wires with current exert a force on each other? Flux Density (B) is related to Magnetic Field (H) by B=H. Magnetic Flux can be defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface. Unit of Electric Flux Density. This is necessary because we usually deal with infinitely large objects for simplicity. Therefore, the magnetic flux density is defined as the magnetic flux passing normally (at 90) per unit area and is denoted by B, i.e., Magnetic flux density, B = A. Now, calculate the flux density using following formula: $B=\frac{\varphi }{A}=~\frac{0.65*~{{10}^{-6}}~Wb}{1.256*~{{10}^{-3}}~{{m}^{2}}}=5.175*~{{10}^{-4}}~T$. Create and find flashcards in record time. "url": "https://electricalacademia.com/category/electromagnetism/", More formally it is defined as: where is the angle between the magnetic field B and the perpendicular to A at the defined region. You can also relate MMF to the total flux going through part of a magnetic circuit whose reluctance you know. The thickness of the reflux plate should be chosen in such a way that no magnetic saturation is caused. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The 'curves' here are all straight lines and have magnetic field strength as the horizontal axis and the magnetic flux density as the vertical axis. The magnetic flux density of a magnet is also called "B field" or "magnetic induction". What is the magnetic flux in a closed surface? Calculate the total flux in the circuit. in this case is permeability, the unit of magetizability. It is measured in Webers per square meter equivalent to Teslas [T]. The concept of electric flux density becomes important - and . "@id": "https://electricalacademia.com/category/electromagnetism/", The distance through which the centre of mass of the boat boy system moves is, 2022 Collegedunia Web Pvt. Arrange the following in decreasing order of wavelength. A rectangular loop with dimensions of 0.50 m and 0.60 m respectively. The relationship between the angular velocity, A circular disc is rotating about its own axis at uniform angular velocity, A capillary tube of radius r is dipped inside a large vessel of water. Its SI unit is weber (tesla/m^2) while the CGS unit is maxwell. A permanent magnet produces a B field in its core and in its external surroundings. If both the total flux and the area of the magnetic path are known, the flux density is found from: Where: B = flux density in tesla (Wb/m 2); = total flux in webers; A = area in m 2; Magnetic Flux Density Example. This contrasts with electric fields, which are generated by point charges (or arrays of isolatable point charges). Magnetic flux can be expressedas the number of magnetic field lines which are seen to pass via a given closed surface. The issue is something which not enough men and women are speaking intelligently about. If B is not uniform across the surface of A, the calculus definition is that = BdA. The magnetic flux density is a vector quantity i.e. Does the magnetic field created by a wire decrease with radial distance (inverse relationship)? It may appear that D is redundant information given E and , but this is true only in homogeneous media. What is the formula for calculating the magnetic flux density of an inductor? Lenz's law: Induced electric current flows in a direction that opposes the change that caused it. Flux per unit of cross-sectional area is called flux density. An example of magnetic flux density is a measurement taken in teslas. Flux density at a distance from a single rectangular magnet, Flux density at a distance from a single rod magnet, Flux density at a distance from a single steel-backed rectangular magnet, Flux density at a distance from a single steel-backed rod magnet, Flux density at a distance from a single magnet with a central hole, Flux density at a distance along the axis between a pair of rectangular magnets, Flux density at a distance along the axis between a pair of rod magnets, Flux density between a pair of rectangular magnets with steel path, Flux density between a pair of rod magnets with steel path, Flux density vs magnetizing force for mild steel material, Current required to achieve a given flux density in the gap of a 3-leg circuit. "@type": "ListItem", If most of the flux is passing through the gap (i.e. However after buying a 10cm length of rod of Fe55Ni45 (which . These phenomena are extremely important in fields such as physics, electronic engineering, telecommunication engineering, electrical engineering and particle physics. I understand that magnetic flux density is measured in Teslas or Weber's per square meter and that voltage or emf is measured using faraday's law of induction which is. Because of the rapid variation of flux density off the axis great care should be taken when attempting to make use of these results. It is commonly indicated by the symbols or B. "url": "https://electricalacademia.com/electromagnetism/magnetic-flux-density-definition-unit-formula/", Up until now we have considered static magnetic fields. The values of B are mentioned as 0.02 T and 45, respectively. When using these formulas, it is customary to double the thickness of the magnet to simulate the effect of the steel. Note that this calculation generally results in a negative value of flux density close to the magnet, indicating flux reversal in this region on the axis. If the magnitude of Earth's field at that place is 40773.9 nT find the magnetic flux linked with the antenna. Ans. Magnetic flux density is a measure of the amount of magnetic flux per unit area that is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. The expression of electric field at a point is given by Where, Q is the charge of the body by which the field is created. Electric currents are the basic objects generating and being affected by magnetic fields. Did you find apk for android? Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. As seen in previous Atoms, any change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF) opposing that changea process known as induction. F m = R m Rowland 's Law There is a clear analogy here with an electric circuit and Ohm's Law, V = I R. The magnetic flux in a closed surface is always zero. This example shows how to solve a 3-D magnetostatic problem for a solenoid with a finite length iron core. Thus, determine thetotal flux associated with the field. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. To compute for magnetic flux, two essential parameters are needed and these parameters are Area (A) and Total Magnetic Field (B). Start typing to see products you are looking for. Formerly with ScienceBlogs.com and the editor of "Run Strong," he has written for Runner's World, Men's Fitness, Competitor, and a variety of other publications. Note: this equation is only relevant when the B-field is perpendicular to the current Magnetic flux density is measured in units of tesla, which is defined as:; A wire carrying a current of 1A normal to a magnetic field of flux density of 1 T with force per unit length of the conductor of 1 N m-1. The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a surface is the component of the magnetic field passing through that surface. Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density are two phenomena encountered in electromagnetic field theory. }. Step 3 - Enter the Magnetization. } The measurement of magnetic flux is bound to the area as selected. 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Magnetic Flux Density Formula: Electric Flux Formula: Electric flux is the electric field lines passing through an area A. It's a vector quantity. This is equivalent to the single rod magnet case using double the thickness of the magnet to simulate the effect of the steel a common approximation. The formula for the Magnetic Flux Density is represented as: B = F/ Il Here, F = Total force acting on the area I = Current flowing through the area l = Length of the area Read More: Difference between Magnetic Field and Magnetic Flux [Click Here for previous Year Questions] The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Answer: From the formula of the magnetic flux, = B A cos() = 2 T * 1 m 2 * cos(30). Gauss's law: The net magnetic flux through a closed surface is 0. In the above equation, when A = 1, = B. Ques. Not only that, as N increases [1] decreases while [2] increases. Where a steel backing is NOT used, we also apply a special case where x=0 (steel in contact with magnet) and use the formula for a steel-backed magnet. Where, is the magnetic flux, A is area normal (or perpendicular) to flux. Magnetic Flux Density Formula. The B field is a vector field, which means it has a magnitude and direction at each point in space. Magnetic Flux Density in Electromagnet. The magnetic flux density is measured in Webers per square meter [Wb/m^2], which is equivalent to Teslas [T]. "url": "https://electricalacademia.com", { Therefore, B may alternatively be described as having units of Wb/m2, and 1 Wb/m2 = 1 T. Magnetic flux density (B, T or Wb/m2) is a description of the magnetic field . = Angle at which the magnetic field line passes through the plane. . No matter how small a volume you choose, a magnetic field can always be described as including a dipole, or a tiny invisible bar magnet. A magnetic field represents stored energy and F m = 2 W / Equation TMF where W is the energy in joules. Some of the properties of Magnetic Flux are included below: The formula of Magnetic Flux is represented by: Assuming the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a plane of area A is represented as: The Magnetic Flux is basically measured with the help of a Flux meter. Magnetic flux is typically measured with a . giving the formula H 2 - because that has a lower chemical energy (for H by a whopping 218 kJ mol-1 . Have all your study materials in one place. Magnetomotive Force and Unitif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'electricalacademia_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_4',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Magnetic Flux Intensity Definition and Unit. Will you pass the quiz? "item": N= number parallel fields. Magnetic fields are an intrinsic property of some materials, most notably permanent magnets. This surface integral function means that the flux values through almost infinitely small portions of A are determined independently and summed together to get a composite value. . . The relationship between total flux and flux density is given by the following equation: B = A B = A Where B=flux density in Tesla =total magnetic flux in weber A= Cross-sectional area in square meter Magnetic Flux Density Unit Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. "item": { It shows the strength of the magnetic field within a specific area. Magnetic fields are an intrinsic property of some materials, most notably permanent magnets. Magnetic flux formula can be represented as: A constant power is supplied to a rotating disc. The magnetic flux through a material is the surface integral of the real part of the magnetic field B over the same surface in Physics, specifically electromagnetism. (1 mark). Where B is the magnetic field and A is the area through which magnetic flux is passing. (2 marks), Ques. The area of cross-section of a coil is 102 m2. In the International System of Units, the unit of H, magnetic field strength, is the ampere per meter (A/m). Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. This force is given by: The mass of water raised above water level is M. If the radius of capillary is doubled, the mass of water inside capillary will be, A convex lens of glass is immersed in water compared to its power in air, its power in water will, decrease for red light increase for violet light, A circular disc is rotating about its own axis. Below, using the magnetic flux formula some magnetic flux problems are solved for more understanding. The electric flux density D = E, having units of C/m 2, is a description of the electric field in terms of flux, as opposed to force or change in electric potential. not leaking to nearby magnets and steel), this is a good approximation. Yes, and on the current carried by the wire. [4] : 22 The unit of B, the magnetic flux density, is the tesla (in SI base units: kilogram per second 2 per ampere), [4] : 21 which is equivalent to newton per meter per ampere. The magnetic flux density created by a wire is directed twisting around the wire. Therefore, the magnetic flux density is defined as the flux passing through a unit cross-sectional area. "item": "name": "Magnetic Flux Density | Definition and Formula" What is the relation between flux density and magnetic field? Before offering a formal definition, it is useful to consider the broader concept of the magnetic field. Magnetic flux formula is denoted by B, where B is a magnetic field and its unit is Weber (Wb). Ans. Step 4 - Calculate Magnetic Flux Density. Kevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. If most of the flux is passing through the gap (i.e. When using these formulas, it is customary to double the thickness of the magnet to simulate the effect of the steel. 2. An example of magnetic flux density is a measurement taken in teslas. We wish to advise that our office will be closed from Friday 16th December 2022 @ 1pm and will reopen Monday 9th January 2023 @ 9am, therefore we won't be despatching orders during these dates. Magnetic flux is an extremely useful tool that helps describe the effects of the magnetic force on an object occupying a respective area. If the charge is stationary, no force is exerted. Magnetic Flux Density The magnetic flux density that exists at zero magnetizing field strength when a sample of magnetic material has undergone symmetrically cyclical magnetization. Single rectangular or rod magnets, with or without steel backing. Since the SI Unit of Magnetic Field is considered Tesla, the SI Unit of Magnetic Flux is termed Tesla m2. This case concerns a 3-leg magnetic circuit with an electrical coil wound around the centre leg. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb), where Wb = Tm 2. For the geometry presented in this work, where lc and Nc2 are the effective length and turns on the reference coil, the magnetic flux density, coupling coefficients, coil width and transducer thickness were predicted to optimize at 0.4373 T, 0.39783lcNc2 Tmm, 4.00 mm and 18.40 mm, respectively, with all corresponding to instances when . It is measured in Webers per square meter equivalent to Teslas [T]. What is flux density formula? Magnetic Flux Density. We wish to advise that our office will be closed from Friday 16th December 2022 @ 1pm and will reopen Monday 9th January 2023 @ 9am, therefore we won't be despatching orders during these dates. The SI unit of magnetic flux density is Tesla (T) and CGS unit is Gauss (G). Magnetic flux is typically represented using the Greek letter Phi (\(\Phi\)) or Phi suffix B. Before offering a formal definition, it is useful to consider the broader concept of the magnetic field. Where: = Magnetic Flux A = Area B = Total Magnetic Field. As a physical system, it does not matter whether an electric charge is moving or static. The magnetic flux density is the amount of flux per unit area. The following are the SI and CGS units of magnetic flux: The plane of the area of antenna is inclined at 47 with the direction of Earth's magnetic field. [ It is a vector quantity. E = EA E = EA cos Where E = Electric flux E = Electric field A = Area of the surface = Angle between E and A Non Uniform Electric Filed dE = E dA Electric flux for a closed Gaussian surface Its letter symbol is B. Ans. The program demonstrates the results of several approximate formulae used to estimate magnetic flux density, attractive force etc. Gamma rays and visible light waves rays area,ba,bandccrespectively, then. When the angle is equivalent to 0, the resulting flux is considered maximum. It is expressed as the force acting per unit current per unit length. The value Bx for point P will be doubled (L replaced by 2 x L), if the circular disc magnets placed . Magnetic flux density is defined as the amount of magnetic flux in an area taken perpendicular to the magnetic flux's direction. In this example, you find the magnetic flux density for a . The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the tesla, which is equivalent to webers per square meter. H and B differ in how they account for magnetization. So I used to formula found at hyperphysics which relates the magnetic field flux density to the number of turns, the current and the material permeability. When evaluating the magnetic flux, thecomponentof the magnetic field vectornormalto the test area is included. Magnetic Flux vs Magnetic Flux Density . =BSsin, where is the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the plane. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. The magnetic flux is the product of . How to use Magnetic Flux Density Calculator? The conductivity in the area where the force is present multiplied by the magnetic fields gives the magnetic flux density. } Name the unit of magnetic permeability. An air core coil has 0.65 Wb of flux in its core. Magnetic Flux offers the measurement of the total magnetic field which passesvia a respective surface area. Flux density is the measure of the number of magnetic lines of force per unit of cross-sectional area.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'electricalacademia_com-box-3','ezslot_7',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-box-3-0'); While the total amount of the flux produced by a magnet is important, we are more interested in how dense or concentrated, the flux is per unit of cross-sectional area. Magnetic flux density is a vector field which we identify using the symbol B and which has SI units of tesla (T). What is the formula of magnetic flux density? To estimate the flux density B on the central axis at a distance x from the magnet, we use the formula below. I am very happy that I came across this during my hunt for something concerning this. Magnetic Flux is the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface. Electric flux density is defined as the amount of flux passes through unit surface area in the space imagined at right angle to the direction of electric field. (1 mark). Is the magnetic force on a wire carrying a current dependent on the length of the wire? Electric flux density is a measure of the strength of an electric field created by a free electric charge, corresponding to the quantity of electric field lines of force passing through a given area. It is calculated by the formula = B (Acos ). Magnetic flux can be expressed as theproduct of the averagemagnetic fieldtimes the perpendicular area it is penetrating. The same data is also used in other calculations, below. Determine the cross- sectional area of a toroid that has a flux of 0.5 Wb and a flux density of 25 T. Solutionif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'electricalacademia_com-banner-1','ezslot_5',143,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electricalacademia_com-banner-1-0'); We have the following formula to calculate cross-sectional area: $A=\frac{\varphi }{B}=\frac{0.5~Wb}{25~{}^{Wb}/{}_{{{m}^{2}}}}=2*~{{10}^{-2~}}{{m}^{2}}$. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Intensity and Strength: Electric field strength or electric filed intensity is the electromotive force (EMF) per unit electric charge. To estimate the force F on a large piece of steel at a distance x from the magnet, we calculate the cross-sectional area of the magnet A, and use the relevant formula above to calculate the flux density B on the axis for a solid magnet. In magnetic field a magnetic field: one called magnetic flux density, or magnetic induction, is symbolized by B; the other, called the magnetic field strength, or magnetic field intensity, is symbolized by H. The magnetic field H might be thought of as the magnetic field produced by the flow of current in wires Read More magnetic permeability In the air, is usually about 1, except special case, and 1 Gauss 1 . Manage SettingsContinue with Recommended Cookies, Home Magnetism Magnetic Flux Density | Definition and Formula { Magnetic flux formula is given by B = B A Cos Area, A = 0.50 0.60 = 0.3 m2 B = 0.02 0.3 Cos 45 B = 0.00312 Wb Stay tuned with BYJU'S for more such interesting articles. Magnetic Flux can be defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface. This is the list of calculation cases currently documented: To estimate the flux density B on the central axis at a distance x from the magnet, we use the formula: To estimate the flux density B on the central axis at a distance x from the magnet, we use the formula below. This surface integral function means that the flux values through almost infinitely small portions of A are determined independently and summed together to get a composite value. = magnetic flux (Wb) E= emf (V) What I don't understand is the time function of the formula. To estimate the flux density B on the central axis at a distance x from the magnet, we use the relevant formula above as for a solid magnet and then subtract the value of flux density calculated for a magnet the shape and dimensions of the hole. 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