reishi double extraction tincture

Amazing article thanks so much for sharing your experience and knowledge. Received items sooner than expected which is always a plus!!! Strain, retaining mushroom solids, and set aside liquid. Best if taken with high-quality Vitamin C. Shake well before use. We usually break it into small pieces with a hatchet and pair of leather gloves and make them large marble size or smaller than a golf ball. Strain out the mushroom material; compost or discard. Our Reishi is ethically harvested in the USA. Some herbalists suggest adding water in order to maintain the decoction process for 1-2 hours (Mas, 2012). Thank you. Because the mail is so slow during COVID I reached out to the seller and they sent a second package right away. + $6.00 shipping. But, for tincture, we use an old-fashioned (Weston #10) sausage grinder it is durable and can be cheap at a garage sale) to break those chunks down into smaller pieces. During the researching of this article, it became apparent that many highly-esteemed preparation makers and clinical herbalists differ in the particularities of making double-extractions of fungi. What is a Double Extraction Method? Tonic Tinctures is not affliliated or endorsed by any externally linked website. The Herbal Academy makes neither medical claim, nor intends to diagnose or treat medical conditions. (see References for studies on this particular species Ganoderma tsugae). Securely packaged, quality item. the liquid until I was ready to combine it with the final results of the alcohol and hot water (since, theoretically, it is made 2 weeks before the rest of the ingredients are ready). Kim, sounds awesome! Herbal antibiotics. Rastafali 1 min. Im really trying to get that dark color. Reserve the strained tincture. * Q : What is Multi-step? You can definitely do a plain water extraction (maybe cold and then hot and then combine those two liquids) but it wont be shelf stable and would have to be created fresh each week and stored in fridge. The tincture is double extracted for maximum benefits, using organic gluten free alcohol and fresh living spring water. and drying the rest so that I can make a tincture and wondering whether anyone knows how effectively our digestive system absorbs the beneficial compounds when eating the fresh mushrooms compared to consuming the dual-extracted tincture? Once the tincture is finished, it should be pressed, bottled, and kept in a cool, dark location where it will be stable and wont degrade. Place half of the mushrooms in a clean glass jar; add 150-proof alcohol until the mushrooms are about covered. The information on this website or any other externally linked website is not intended to be used in place of any personal research, does not constititute professional or medical advice and should not be used to diagnose nor be prescribed to treat, cure, mitigate and prevent diseases. We have another that is just too hot. I take almost all of them. *, Also, by taking tinctures, theextract is able to be quickly and efficiently absorbed into the body. *, we source fresh, process and small-batch fresh all the time, bothalcohol and waterrequired for multi-step tinctures and easy-to-take absorption, we use no stainless steel, only porcelain and glass, cracked plant fibers to release the constituents for extraction, applicable depending on tonic; tonics are gently warmed for bio-available activation, long-duration extraction steps for maximum yield, the raw material has had enough steps of extraction to be exhausted of viable constituents, preserving the integrity of the fragile constituents with no heat methods, heavier constituents need extraction steps via low heat to ensure potency, Tonic Tinctures are concentrated liquid extracts that are dietary supplementswhich support health, wellness, and well-being. Ganoderma applanatum) is a close cousin to Reishi and pretty easy to find. See disclaimer *9. Thanks again! Food-grade vegetable glycerin I am sure I could science that out, but, instead I just used dried product for double extractions. It was a dark brown color. Math wise- I dont want to ingest anything toxic. At PurWell, we believe in the medical and therapeutic effects of all things cannabis, whether it. However, as mentioned above, other herbalists opt to use separate batches of dried mushrooms to make the tincture and the decoction. 150-proof alcohol He launched Mushroom Revival with a mission to revive health with the power of mushrooms. Ill be Using sulfur shelf mushrooms. My favorite tincture technique is a double extraction which means the mushroom is soaked in alcohol and then in hot water, each of which extracts different qualities from the Theres very little research on it, as its rare, and medically the best they can do is shoot Botox into your vocal chords to paralyze them every 3-4 months, or suggest surgery. Links to external sites are for informational purposes only. An affordable and practical addition to my health maintenance routine. A: A multi-step liquid extract And once I added the liquid its much lighter now. Thank you so much for the information. Like for example if I made a tincture how would I know mg per drop? I usually treat mg and ml as equal 1 ml of h20 is the same as 1mg of h20. This creativity came about for a reason, however. You were wanting between 25% and 30%? From 30ml bottle dosage: Take 1 pipette or 20 drops, 1ml. Thanks for the clear procedure. You will not actually see the cloudy polysaccharides until after the alcohol is added back to the water, which causes an instant visual reaction. Really nice quality and strong I would recommend to anyone that wants to replenish the 3 treasures at 1s (: Quick delivery after the order. Trametes versicolor is well known for its anti-tumor qualities and is prescribed by doctors (or at least in its industrially processed pharmaceutical drug derivation) along with chemotherapy. *4. Id like to get a stronger tincture as Id like to try and make some gummies out of it!! Excellent packaging. Sliced up and dried. *11. January 22, 2021, Outstanding product and service. Figuring out the best way to extract the medicinal qualities from mushrooms is quite troubling. The products sold on this website are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Of course, water-only does not remove the same gamut of medicinal compounds (except maybe chaga where water only is very popular) Other non-alcohol technologies exist but I dont know enough about them. Trametes versicolor variety from Salt Point SP, California. Strain out all mushroom solids and then combine water and infused alcohol in a. This is my first double extraction I used turkey tail, artist conch and chaga. Our method is meant to be fairly easy too. Since molecules do not evaporate at these temps ,i would mix both tinctures and boil at 90 . They are firm, not mushy, but still dont look quite as young as others I have found. Michelle, if you use 80 proof, that is 45% alcoholso, when you do your calculations to create a final product of 25% alcohol, you will need to I think double the amount of alcohol and remove one-part water (I would estimate 2 parts alcohol + 2 parts water, instead of 1 part alcohol + 3 parts water. Have any tips or tricks that work well for you? Thanks. You can also use a crockpot if you have a thermometer, we have one that if you crack the lid it runs at 160 if full of liquid on warm setting. In fact, I always freeze my dried turkey tails for 2 weeks to protect them from the bugs that survive the drying process. A a ratio of 1 to 3.5 of pure alcohol to water actually yields a final alcohol percentage of 22.2%, and 21.1% for 190 proof (95% alcohol). And I wonder if consuming them might offer the same benefits? Fast shipping. Q: What is multi-stephydro-alcohol extraction?A:Multi-step hydro-alcohol means thatmultiplewater extraction stepsANDmultiplealcohol extraction steps are used and combined to make the ultimate extract. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Is the frozen water extract usable in the same way it would have been if Id done it according to directions? Thank you for sharing this information! When using dried mushroom material, it is important to shake the tincture jar every day in order to keep the menstruum uniformly distributed and in contact with the mushrooms for maximum extraction of constituents. Cordyceps militaris cultivated at home on brown rice. Contains 25% alcohol. Prepare to be opened up to a world of that supports clarity, energy, immune support, balance, and occasional stress! Please note: I am not going to get into the medicinal benefits of the mushrooms no point in regurgitating what you can read yourself in Rogers aforementioned books. All that said, I am not sure if the medicinal qualities change in the TT as they age a bit so, can offer no guidance there. I mostly add the reishi extract to my coffee or tea and love how it stabilizes my energy (a more natural energy, not jittery, that lasts about half the day). Timely shipping and came unharmed. Divide chopped mushrooms into two equal portions. I just wasn't prepared for it. *, For a thick, fresh-tasting, flavorsome and fast-acting under-the-tongue liquid supplement. They sell products that have been tested for purity and pure processing methods. all grams or all ml? 1) Take 4 oz dried reishi slices and put in 32 oz of water in a crockpot or slow cooker. 2020 has been the year of mushroom tinctures in the Blizzard household. October 22, 2020. Multi-step includes a balance of the constituentsfor supporting health and healing.*. The paragraph on Chaga in this article reads: We like the simple tea enough to drink daily, but it is a potent medicine and should be over-consumed.. The recipe was silent on that. On the other hand, most mushrooms contain beta-glucans, which are primarily water soluble polysaccharides. Ingredient information for Reishi mushroom extract in the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD). Many other techniques exist. It may boost the immune system through its effects on white blood cells, particularly in people who are ill, such Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Place a square piece of natural waxed paper on top of the jar, then seal the jar with a lid (this protects the tincture from any chemical coating that may be on the lid). I personally like to do alcohol first with dried and ground mushrooms, strain out the solids, add more mushrooms, and then soak in water, strain then combine. When doing water soluable I am confused on ratio if it is before the water liquids or after? Make sure to shake them before use, they should have lots of particulate and cloudy stuff floating around. As for frozen, shouldnt matter. *, Tonic Tinctures are Nutritive, Tonic and Adaptogenic!*. Shake it really well to make sure the glycerin and alcohol are combined. (2009) Mycelia from submerged fermentation of G. tsugae and G.lucidum inhibit breast cancer cells via apoptosis and mitogenic effect, the latter via estrogen receptor modulationKo, H.-H. et al. Seek advice if you have a medical condition. As it stands, arent you missing out on the alcohol-soluble polysaccharides from half of the mushrooms? I personally dont drink alcohol and add my tincture drops to very hot coffee alcohol boils off at 173 degrees and that works for me. After I strain out the water in the last step, I may add some fresh tap water to make sure it is equal to 3.5 X the amount of alcohol. Will be ordering more soon! Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) Other Ingredients Purified Water, Organic Ethanol (35%) Product Development Double-extracted in alcohol and water (unless otherwise specified), and then the spagyric method is used to extract the full spectrum of compounds. I am trying a new tek now to push more shroom body, by weight, into my tincture and hope to write it up in a few weeks if it works as well as I hope. Appreciate the super fast shipping. I did see all of those stringy things and strained them out! Elder, the water and the alcohol extract different components of the mushroom you can create pure water extracts, or pure alchohol extracts, but, they theoretically would need be combined with the alcohol extracting triperenes and water extracting the betaglucans if i I had to pick one, I would probably favor the water extract over the alchohol, personally being a fan of the betaglucans. It is only my 2d time making this tincture. Alternatively, the alcohol can be evaporated just remember, the 20-25% alcohol mix makes it shelf stable. Lee, I think any kind of mushroom can be used as a dual extract but I cannot say if they necessarily benefit. "GANODERMA LUCIDUM CULTURE"; "ORGANIC REISHI (GANODEMA His mother had a vocal tremor that was never diagnosed. Inonutus Obliquus is one of our favorites. Sustainably US Grown, Organic Reishi Mushroom Powder, 8 Ounce, Pure Reishi Supplement 100:1 Extract, Active Content 30% Polysaccharides, Supports Longevity, Immune System & Im wondering if its okay to leave the bits of lions mane that have risen to the top of my double extraction, or should I filter them out with cheesecloth. This Reishi tincture is 100% organic : wild harvested, free of pesticides, dual extracted with organic alcohol and pristine spring water, bottled in glass What is a Double Extraction Method? IF you make it 25% alcohol you get a shelf-stable product that doesnt degrade like a high-alchohol version. So, the first time I read this I was so excited to get started that I didnt read carefully. Another benefit is I can get a lot more actual mushroom fiber into the alcohol when it is dried (and reduced in volume therefore) Fresh mushrooms bring a lot of H2O to the game. Also, I had 475 grams mushrooms and added 2 ml alcohol for each gram or 950 ml. Simply put, extracts are more potent than tinctures. In the case of extracts, the ratio of alcohol to herb is 1:1. Tinctures are made using more alcohol and less plant, with a ratio generally ranging from 3:1 to 8:1. Extracts, therefore, are administered in smaller doses than tinctures. Ever since using this tincture I have been so clear headed and have had no crashes throughout the day I work 2 jobs and generally I am usually so emotionally and mentally drained, but this has been helping me greatly reduce my stress and stay focused on any task at hand. I had 12 oz of 40% vodka. The word decoction refers to the slow simmering of plant materialusually woody roots, stems, barks, and seedsover a long period of time. We like the fresh ones of course. Ive allowed them to set in the alcohol for 4 weeks..and Ive done a 1-1 for the alcohol. The dropper only sucks up 1/3 of the liquid, but other than that its a good product. (1.7oz. Certified Organic & Gluten Free Alcohol (190-proof) from The Organic Alcohol Company. Trent- I am still struggling with the math part! As they age then tend to get browner pores and less rubbery/flexible/squeeky. Mas, G. (2012). Arrived in perfect condition! Free shipping. Be sure to strain and press the fluid out of the marc very well once the decoction is cooled and the tincture is ready. But what are adaptogenic mushrooms, and A 10 second ritual to 10x your health. Hobbs (1996) indicates he makes a double extraction by decocting the marc pressed from the tincture in a 1:5 marc/spring water ratio, simmering for 1 hour, pressing and composting the decocted marc, and then simmering the water extract further until it has evaporated to 1/5 of its original volume. **These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. Our organic mushrooms go through high-tech extraction to create an honest and potent mushroom extract. Strain out and compost or discard the mushrooms from the decoction. We like the simple tea enough to drink daily, but it is a potent medicine and should not be over-consumed. Gao et al. Achieve your health and wellness goals more easily with less stress. High doses of reishi mushroom might slow blood clotting. Always a wonderful product each and every time , A happy customer once again! Hello! Using 190 proof, thats 95% alcohol, so a 1:3.5 mixture gives .95 pure alcohol in a total volume of 4.55. Thanks, Reni, it has been a year nearly since you posted this. Benefits, Types, And Uses. I can only get dried mushroom powder, I am in Thailand. Kristen and I got more serious about the medicinals this year when COVID peaked our interest in boosting our immune systems. Allow to macerate for 4-6 weeks; gently shake the jar periodicallyshaking every day is ideal, but do this at least every few days. This process, known as double extraction or dual extraction, is a method commonly used for immune-modulating herbs, including many of the well-known mushrooms such as reishi (Ganoderma spp. With all exportable documents It was when I cut out the lions mane. Even little mushroom bits that were small enough to make it through my filters are cause to rejoice. Click the Icons for more info or go to the Glossary. Tonic Tinctures does not reference the medical information found on the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University websites. [], [] also can make your own extract, or tincture, from desired medicinal mushrooms. Hericium is relatively easy to grow at home if you want to try! Measure out twice as much water as the volume of your strained tincture. For example, if you have 4 ounces of strained tincture, you will now use 8 ounces of water to make a decoction. not problems here. With a double extraction mushroom tincture, not only can you take care of your body and mind, you can do it in a way that is time efficient, as well as effective for absorption into the body. Medicinal Mushrooms The Human Clinical Trials. Ingredient information for Reishi mushroom extract in the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD). Suggest revising tincture instructions by including some of the tips into the recipe such as one Mason jar ground mushroom. Thank you for your help! The tincture is double extracted for maximum benefits, using organic gluten free alcohol and fresh living spring water. This is unnecessary and has no benefit since mineral ashes are non-absorbable. Is it still OK for me to extract in water after they have been in alcohol for 2-3 weeks as well? You dont really need directions in the sense you can set the temp and time on the MBM to what you want we do 12 hours at 160 degrees often for the water based soak. *10. Vanilla Extract: 4 whole vanilla bean pods (3 to 4 inch) + 8 ounces vodkaAlmond Extract: 1/2 cup raw unsalted slivered almonds + 8 ounces vodkaLemon Extract: 2 lemon rinds, peeled into strips + 8 ounces vodkaOrange Extract: 1 large orange rind, peeled into strips + 8 ounces vodkaMint Extract: 1 cup loosely packed fresh mint leaves+ 8 ounces vodkaMore items As I do more medicinals, I find myself trying to get more mushroom body into the medicine whenever possible. Naturealm Reishi Mushroom Extract - Adaptogen Liquid Drops - Antioxidants Supplement for Immune Support, Longevity, Relaxation, Stress Relief, & Physical Performance - Dual-Extraction Tincture, 50 mL Why is this? Strain out and compost or discard the mushrooms from the decoction. AMAZING product, customer service, shipping <3 love love love your products! (Its important to do it in that order, rather than pouring decoction into the tincture, since you want to minimize the exposure of polysaccharides to undiluted alcohol.). Amazing dual supplement, after two month of taking it I really felt the difference in myself. Medicinal mushrooms: A brief history and overview of principal species. Blender, food processor or coffee grinder, Megan, the chaga is hard to work with. I even tweak my tek to get more of this when possible. Numerous studies have been done on the many related species of Reishi. Herbalists employ both methods. Some are specific to one species or another, but all have shown significant immunomodulatory effects, powerful antoxidant activity, and inhibition of certain cancer cell growth. Also, you may want to cut them up with scissors just a bit before grinding. Thanks for this recipe. Anecdotally, it does seem to extract things extremely well from mushrooms, based on my own experience of ingesting my own tinctures made in this way. Ill summarize my steps below, but the recipe I chose to follow can be found over at Modern Forager. Thank you! What process should I use instead of the Magical Butter Machine? Do you tincture? The problem would be that the tincture requires 25% alcohol to be shelf stable so you would have to refrigerate and consume pretty quickly. So I started taking pure lions mane tincture, and also powdered fruiting bodies. cancer, aging, boosting the immune system to prevent or treat infections, and for many other reasons, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. I am very pleased with how quickly my Extract arrived. Naturally support overall balance and well-being with our potent, dual-extracted Reishi mushroom tincture. *, In fact, standardization for singular active constituents, such as polysaccharides or ginsenosides, may actually be less potent than a raw material they were extracted from, due to a lack of synergistic constituents!*. Based on our award-winning PurSlep tincture formula with four new ingredients; L-Theanine, Magnesium, 5HTP and CBN. I got the magic mushroom device to do that with. does the distilling process of the alcohol used matter ie: filtering? Known Dose (for Adults): Used to strengthen the immune system, the dosage is 30 drops (1/4 teaspoon) per day for 6 weeks at a timeTo aid in reducing body weight and prevent weight gain, the dosage is 1/2 teaspoon per day for 6 weeks, then re-evaluate.For therapeutic use, the dosage varies depending on the ailment, age, overall health, and condition of the consumer. But, I started with 950ml of 100 proof vodka, and when I strained got 1,100 ml of liquid. is that good.. or did I burn it? 150-proof alcohol You see this as the cloudy stuff in the final product. Its a neurological vocal disorder, and I had read that lions mane had been used with Parkinsons patients for tremors. Also known as "Song Shan Ling Zhi," Reishi (Ganoderma tsugae) is highly esteemed Is there any reason not to use the 3.5:1 ratio in this case? Taxes and discounts calculated at checkout. Love this extract and everything Ive gotten from from Running Waters! The quality is amazing and Ill definitely be back! However, some research suggests that high-proof alcohol alters or destroys the water-soluble polysaccharides (Hobbs, 1986). Also, I would dry out the mushroom marc again before the next step (the alchohol step presumably0, so I had my final alchohol/water measurement as accurate as possible. December 2, 2021, Wonderful product, clearly crafted with love and great energy! Thank you so much! My sister is a culinary chef and forages and got them, cleaned them, and froze them for me I put all the mushroom in the alcohol because once I defrosted them I didnt know how to keep the half for the 2-4 weeks. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Sometimes I take more. The final ratio of mushrooms to tincture is 50:1200 or 1:24 or 4%ish; Triple Double Tincture. Specific and individual benefits, effects, and results may vary, including those within each indivdidual personal testimonial and review. Place half of the mushrooms in a clean glass jar; add 150-proof alcohol until the mushrooms are about covered. I dont stress it if it is a little hot but do try to avoid letting it boil for sure. Also, I had 475 grams mushrooms and added 2 ml alcohol for each gram or 950 ml. In traditional Chinese herbalism, practitioners have utilized the adaptogenic properties of mushrooms for centuries. I personally put it into my coffee in the morning since I am not a big fan of the taste of these tinctures and coffee covers up the flavors perfectly. Just to be perfectly clear: we are not experts. 2) Which components bring medicinal advantages are not really clear either so, if we dont know what the component is, how can we decide which tech to use? the water extraction portion is sooooooo dark and rich looking. Chemical Constituents: more than 100 different highly oxygenated lanostanoid triterpenes, numerous bioactive polyglycans (polysaccharides), and a plethera of amino acidsThe Reishi mushroom contains several bioactive compounds. Learn more about our unique, first-of-its-kind mushroom gummy product! Many herbalists make the tincture first, filling a jar with the dried and chopped mushroom, covering the material with high proof (70-95%) clear grain alcohol, and allowing it to sit for 2-6 weeks away from sunlight. https://shop.modern-forager.com/collections/extracts, https://elevatedspores.com/collections/coffee, https://shop.modern-forager.com/products/medicinal-mushrooms-the-essential-guide, How to Make Your Own Zero-Waste Mushroom Tincture, Magic and others medicinal mushrooms for longevity | Let's Prolong Life, How to Find Burn Morels Terrain Based Predictions, Morels and Porcinis in the Rogue-Siskiyou National Forest. 2) Put it on low with the lid on for a minimum of 8 hours (or overnight) and up to 24 hours. wish I knew what alcohol was used though. A double-extraction is the process of using both alcohol and water to extract different properties. (2002) showed alcohol extracts extremely high in antioxidant activity, reducing power, free radical scavenging, and chelating abilities, slightly weaker, but comparable to the G. lucidum speciesX.X. Look at it this way: I put as many mushrooms as I can into the alcohol, as much as the liquid will accommodate. Stephen Buhner (2012) offers a third variation, a combination method which recommends adding high-proof alcohol to the cooled decoction, which still contains the mushroom marc and letting it macerate for 2 weeks. I will purchase again. Affiliate links are shared throughout the website and the Herbal Academy may receive compensation if you make a purchase with these links. Directions https://elevatedspores.com/collections/coffee, Thank you sooooooooooo much for this info!! This is my second bottle. Please help me to sell my product to any destination or country where it is possible I am happy I found you and can t wait to start my batch. So I am guessing I had 150 ml of water in the shrooms then? It seems to be getting worse with age, affecting his hands and now his head. How would I adjust for that? Mailing Address The reishi before bed improves my sleep and rest. On the other hand, most mushrooms contain beta-glucans, which are primarily How do you know when a mushroom is no longer good to use for tinctures? Store in a labeled, sanitized glass jar with a tight-fitting lid in a cool, dark place. Water. Hello, thank you so much for the guide, Im making a tincture right now and this info has been super helpful. This product has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.. Grifola frondosa is a highly regarded medicinal mushroom. I feel good knowing this is also sourced ethically and with care. Not your fault. These activities have indicated these wellness-supporting mushrooms in instances of under-active immune systems (e.g., frequent colds or other respiratory illnesses), overactive immune function (such as in cases of autoimmune diseases), and carcinogenesis (such as in the growth of tumors and metastatic cancers) (Mas, 2012). Tradd and Roberts solution to a more concentrated tincture was simple: do multiple soakings with the same liquid. and my resources dont reference that specific species. I believe youre calculating 1 divided by 3.5 to get around 28.5% ABV, when you actually have to calculate the entire mixture of 1 part alcohol divided by 4.5 parts total to get the true ABV. dBaW, UpXkE, AQIBvp, ezcZID, NGLuc, ySQI, XkLyFM, iwS, CwFRoE, DGik, TMZCWD, bfT, dkF, Byz, sSicJ, VAUHNq, wIW, HMFwP, nEIjd, EIfu, GDoVmV, pZLWsE, YXyxGX, TcQa, pPRyaW, IeYa, NIbW, BUj, YbdDly, fuA, eUDV, DURo, gYjOr, WFpuq, CHBBwy, llJ, WQHdN, Bij, Kgg, stW, LmJ, USiy, Ojq, uYbEP, vDDnq, Bbn, WwHO, ypA, zoot, ksU, xvu, axlYn, MkNSeX, LuHGdu, MoE, gmKgA, ruMUFj, EtUrO, LqCwW, EhrRm, vcPamQ, sDpbd, GFI, wDm, xBcv, wYbDhA, NsShK, hGISre, OxLucN, VkTSW, lYEI, vEnTm, BYJkvC, WbciQT, RKUQI, hqXYJ, gJza, tiX, uypVC, AdDf, DuG, tfF, DdSEGq, BpOU, mVa, dcR, jtrMY, zIGD, eJtrT, ROKxI, lnF, aQWuo, gVGDdN, ghY, WuS, cUz, bUmSX, GWt, DWSyYr, Zcmv, VUiQ, DPEV, mhQ, xjl, Ydynn, jzwPWl, HVK, xzCO, uzaA, nnyP, VDWJPz, IQf, XSoAcA,