NCSS.D2.His.15.9-12. He also donated $5 million for the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City, helped in the restoration of colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, and provided funding for the Museum of Modern Art. [19], Julian's major successful business ventures and investment undertakings became the source of considerable wealth for himself and his family. Explain points of agreement and disagreement experts have about interpretations and applications of disciplinary concepts and ideas associated with a compelling question. Vanderbilt made a fortune operating a fleet of steamboats, and with nearly perfect timing made the transition to owning and operating railroads. [66] According to The Wall Street Journal, Slim credits part of his ability to "discover investment opportunities" early to the writings of his friend, futurist author Alvin Toffler. After starting out in his teens in New England as a traveling peddler, he made a fortune trading cotton, with shady connections, during the Civil War. Another one of George's recurring enemies is a mad scientist named Dr. Chicago (voiced by Daws Butler). We cant get someone like Boss Tweed, the New York City power broker and one of Goulds associates, to pass laws at our bidding. Despite being considered morally reprehensible, these tricks were perfectly legal in Goulds day and routinely practiced. In subsequent years, the company made further investments across Latin America, with companies in Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru, Chile, Honduras, and El Salvador, well as a joint venture with the American software house, Microsoft called Tlmsn, a Spanish-language web portal. Here are some of the most notorious robber barons of the late 1800s. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 2014 Global Wealth Report, shows that liquid wealth of the super-rich, referenced as Ultra-High-Net-Worth households, had increased by 20% in 2013. I have $600,000 invested, but my financial adviser has only made one trade this year, and left $7,500 in cash in my Roth IRA. On February 12, 2008, Classic Media released a complete collection of the 1967 series which included, as a bonus feature, the original pilot cartoons for both George of the Jungle and Super Chicken. The Forbes Fictional 15 was a list from Forbes business magazine that listed the 15 richest people in the realm of fiction produced between 2002 to 2013. ", Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." This assumption was clearly implicit in almost all of the criticism of the period.[10]. The above video from the Bill of Rights Institute provideshistorical context to understand why and how the early industrialists thrived. John D. Rockefeller was the head of the Standard Oil Company and one of the world's richest men. 2022 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. George has a pet elephant named Shep, who behaves like a lap dog, or, as George refers to him, a "great big peanut-lovin' poochie," and who George thinks is a dog. - C.S. In 2007, after having amassed a 50.1% stake in the Cigatam tobacco manufacturer, Slim sold a large portion of his equity to Philip Morris for US$1.1billion. [1], In May 2014, Slim opened Inbursa Aquarium, Latin America's largest aquarium. Carlos Slim Hel (Spanish pronunciation:[kalos ezlin elu]; born 28 January 1940) is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. [43], In 2012, Slim sold the broadcast rights for the Leon games to the American terrestrial television network, Telemundo, and the cable channel Fox Sports in Mexico and the rest of Latin America and to the website mediotiempo.com. [2] The term combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and illegitimate aristocracy (a baron is an illegitimate role in a republic).[3]. [17] By the age of 15, Slim had become a shareholder in Mexico's largest bank. Whether he should be remembered as a Robber Baron or Captain of Industry is a matter of debate. Copyright 2022 MarketWatch, Inc. All rights reserved. In 1997, the segment was adapted into a live-action film, titled George of the Jungle. [5] Slim is a Maronite Catholic,[60][61] and he is one of the prominent backers of Legion of Christ, a Roman Catholic religious institute. What can we learn from Gould, who was worth more than $80 billion when he died 130 years ago (when calculated as a percentage of GDP, the accepted way to measure wealth across time)? NCSS.D2.His.14.9-12. The private equity fund's investments are mainly concentrated in the transportation and infrastructure sectors and the fund garnered a total market cap of 5.152 billion pesos at the end of 2012. Some of the actions of these men, which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire, resulted in poor conditions for workers, but in the end, may also have enabled our present day standard of living. Gould appreciated that people were gullible. [19], In 1996, Slim's conglomerate company Grupo Carso was split into three separate companies: Carso Global Telecom, Grupo Carso, and Invercorporacin. Slim spent US$13million to acquire the Mexican insurance agency Seguros de Mxico in 1984, and later subsumed the company into the firm, Seguros Inbursa. It holds 66,000 pieces, including religious relics, contains the world's second-largest collection of Rodin sculptures, including The Kiss, the largest Salvador Dal collection in Latin America, works by Leonardo da Vinci, Pablo Picasso, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and coins from the viceroys of Spain. ", John Tipple, "The anatomy of prejudice: Origins of the robber baron legend. The term appeared as early as the August 1870 issue of The Atlantic Monthly magazine. [18], The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian businessmen allied to Vladimir Putin. With his wife, Laura, Rockefeller had five children, including a daughter, Alice, who died in infancy. America Movil partnered with the company to aid its growth into advertising and television and help the audio recognition service expand in Latin America.[49][50]. [53], On April 15, 2015, Slim formed oil company Carso Oil & Gas. Upon immigrating to Mexico, her parents founded one of the first Arabic-language magazines for the Lebanese-Mexican community, using a printing press they had brought with them. ? [11][12][13] He decided at a young age that he wanted to be a businessman,[4][14] He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic causes. Evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped by unique circumstances of time and place as well as broader historical contexts. The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter (robber knights), the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls (unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor) on the primitive roads crossing their lands[4] or larger tolls along the Rhine river. [28] In April 2015, Slim bought the Marquette Building in Detroit and purchased PepsiCo Americas Beverages headquarters in Somers, New York, for US$87million. His real estate holding company, Inmobiliaria Carso has developed, invested, owned and operated many residential and commercial real estate properties across Mexico since the 1960s. [86] Two years after Slim's failed bid to take over the company, mainly due to political intervention and Slim's paucity of interest in purchasing the company, Slim's America Movil SAB began offering 2.25billion euros. [44], In March 2012, Slim, along with American television host Larry King, established Ora TV, an on-demand digital television network that produces and distributes television shows including Larry King Now, Politicking with Larry King, Recessionista, and Jesse Ventura Uncensored. [84][5][7], According to Celso Garrido, economist at the Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Slim's domination of Mexico's conglomerates prevents the growth of smaller companies, resulting in a shortage of paying jobs, forcing many Mexicans to seek better lives in the U.S.[85], Slim was criticized by the Dutch minister of economic affairs, Henk Kamp, in 2013 for attempting to expand his telecommunications empire beyond the Americas by Amrica Mvil's buy-out offer to KPN, a Dutch landline and mobile telecommunications operator. Assign one of the individuals below to each group. America Movil now controls a 21.1 percent stake of KPN with a market value of 3.1billion euros as of 20 May 2015. [2] Each of the cartoons ended with a strike on the tympani (kettle drum), which changed to an ascending tone, following a pun. Each of the following episodes consists of a George of the Jungle cartoon, a Super Chicken cartoon, and a Tom Slick cartoon. [41] According to the company's 2016 annual filings, Slim owned 17.4% of the company's Class A shares, and none of the company's Class B shares. American Gilded Age businessmen who were accused of using unscrupulous methods to get rich, This article is about the U.S. practice. Tell the class that the label cannot always be applied with such assurance. [94] Though Slim has not gone as far as Gates and Buffett in pledging more than half of his fortune, Slim has expressed firm support for philanthropy and has advised budding entrepreneurs that businessmen must do more than givethey "should participate in solving problems". Vanderbilt's private shipping company began running the same routes, charging a fraction of the price, making a large profit without taxpayer subsidy. At a time when steel was needed for railroads and other industrial purposes, Carnegie's mills produced much of the nation's supply. Classic Media developed a new George of the Jungle Flash animation series 40 years later in 2007. [20] By 1921, he had begun investing in real estate in the flourishing commercial district of Mexico City where Julin acquired prime Mexican real estate at fire sale prices and in the Zocalo District during the 191017 Mexican Revolution. Another running gag is that George keeps forgetting that he lives in a treehouse, falling from it to the ground every time he leaves home. In an era with virtually no regulation of business,industries such as railroads, steel, and petroleum became monopolies. Integrate evidence from multiple relevant historical sources and interpretations into a reasoned argument about the past. Limited partners pay US$30,000 per subscription while hedge fund managers pay half the price and also sign up for a free version of the products the company offers. George, though hopelessly unintelligent, possesses substantial strength and jungle instincts that allow him to track down enemies. Recommended Websites. The members are characters from movies, books, cartoons, television, video games, and comics. Congress jumped into the fray with both feet in 1890 with the Sherman Antitrust Act, and two years later the Ohio Supreme Court deemed Standard Oil a monopoly that stood in violation of Ohio law. [5] As of November 2022, Bloomberg Billionaires Index ranked him as the 11th-richest person in the world with a net worth of $78 billion,[6] making him the richest person in Latin America.[6]. Each episode featured three segments in the form of three unrelated cartoons: George of the Jungle, Tom Slick, and Super Chicken. Gould was born on February 6, 1864, the eldest son of Jay Gould (18361892) and Helen Day Miller (18381889). p. 1, David O. Whitten, "Russian robber barons: Moscow business, American style. [20], In August 1926, Julin Slim married Linda Hel Atta. He was involved in the struggle for the Erie Railroad in the late 1860s, and in 1869 caused a financial crisis when he and his partner Jim Fisk sought to corner the market on gold. Is it time to get rid of him? For the 2007 television series, see, The Presidents of the United States of America, "Box Art for George of the Jungle The Complete Series", "Tookie Tookie Bird - George Of The Jungle", "WGBH & Studio B to Produce Martha Speaks Animated Series For Public TV", "Seven toons likely to draw an animated response from international buyers", "George returns to the jungle, with postmodernism in tow", George of the Jungle and the Search for the Secret, Children's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1960s, Animation in the United States in the television era, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_of_the_Jungle&oldid=1126457681, 1960s American animated television series, American Broadcasting Company original programming, American children's animated comedy television series, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 12:36. [75], In October 2020, his net worth was estimated at $53.7 billion. NCSS.D2.His.2.9-12. In 1980, he consolidated his business interests by forming Grupo Galas as the parent company of a conglomerate that had interests in industrial manufacturing, construction, mining, retail, food, and tobacco. [59], In his office, Slim does not have a computer, and instead keeps all his financial data in hand-written notebooks. Booker T. Washington - First Black Power Broker. The modern concept of wealth is of significance in all areas of economics, and clearly so for growth The series initially ran 26 episodes, with two George stories per episode for a total of 52 stories. The people here are listed in Josephson, Robber Barons or in the cited source. Greg Steinmetz is the author of American Rascal: How Jay Gould Built Wall Streets Biggest Fortune. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. Somehow we live check to check. We make over $200K a year, but owe $100K on HELOC loans, never learned to save money and feel like well never be able to retire. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by the Forbes business magazine. [41][42] The New York Times Company's Class A shares are available for purchase by the public and offer less control over the company than Class B shares, which are privately held. In their greed and power, legend has it, they held sway over a helpless democracy. NCSS.D2.His.4.9-12. [21] The value of his stake in Seguros eventually became worth US$1.5billion by 2007, after four spinoffs. [28], In March 2015, Slim began examining Spain as a potential investment destination, by purchasing cheap properties in Spain's real estate sector at rock-bottom prices in its ailing economy. https://www.biography.com/business-figure/john-d-rockefeller. [98] His company America Movil purchased 30 percent of the team along with transmission rights as Slim doesn't have the rights to transmit content by broadcast television or cable TV as well as putting him in competition with Televisa and TV Azteca, two television companies with rights to the rest of Mexican soccer's first division. From the EDSITEment resource American Memory, From America's Library, a link from the EDSITEment resource American Memory, On June 1, 2000, thenU.S. He licensed the Saks name and opened the Mexican arm of Saks Fifth Avenue retailer in Santa Fe, Mexico. Inflation 101: here's what it means and how it is calculated. [18] He went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming. Slim has been slowly decreasing his holdings since he was forced to withdraw a 7.2-billion-euro bid for the Dutch phone line carrier in 2013 after negotiations collapsed. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. [1][2] From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world by the Forbes business magazine. Pinkerton guards attacked strikers and wound up being captured. Following the war he gravitated to Wall Street, and after becoming partners with Jay Gould, he became famous for his role in the Erie Railroad War, which he and Gould waged against Cornelius Vanderbilt. In 1966, worth US$40million,[24][26] he established Inmuebles Carso, a real estate agency and holding company. Though a century has passed since the heyday of the great industrialists and financiers, debate continues: were these men captains of industry, without whom this country could not have taken its place as a great industrial power, or were they robber barons, limiting healthy competition and robbing from the poor to benefit the rich? Political entrepreneurs do long-term harm to the economy with their monopolies and subsidies. He went on to create a giant fortune by, like Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! +0.05% [33] In high school, Slim's favorite subjects were history, cosmography, and mathematics. NCSS.D1.2.9-12. Rather than make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change, most critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the "devil-view" of history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced to the machinations of an easily located set of villainsin this case, the big businessmen of America. What if a legal action ends with many workers or consumers suffering? Jay Gould. The series was scheduled to air on Nicktoons in the United Kingdom and Disney Channel Asia in Southeast Asia. [73], In September 2014, Forbes listed Slim as number 1 on its list of billionaires with a net worth of US$81.6billion. He acquired large blocks of Denny's and Firestone Tires. He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, The games are also broadcast on the Internet through UNO TV, offered by Telmex. Heres how to recognize the signs. [94] Education and health care projects have included $100 million to perform 50,000 cataract surgeries in Peru. [9] In 1990, Grupo Carso was floated as a public company initially in Mexico and then worldwide. Some of the actions of these men, which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire, resulted in poor conditions for workers, but in the end, may also have enabled our present day standard of living. For example, economic blogger Scott Sumner noted in 2018 that Rockefeller But the most important lesson we can learn from Gould is one that his victims learned the hard way: Investors should watch what people do, not what they say. [70] Between 2008 and 2010, Slim more than doubled his net worth from $35 to $75billion. Slim owns a second mansion in New York City at 10 West 56th Street, which he bought in 2011 for US$15.5million. I don't want to live thinking about how I'll be remembered [by Mexican people]," claiming indifference about his position on Forbes list of the world's richest people. Students can read a. [92], Later in 2017, Trump and Slim met in person. Think of Bill Gates and Microsoft ThoughtCo, Sep. 16, 2020, thoughtco.com/robber-barons-1773964. [66][67], On 5 March 2008, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's second-richest person, behind Warren Buffett and ahead of Bill Gates. Using the following resources and/or any other approved sources available in your classroom or online, each group should fill in the chart for their assigned individual. The term "robber baron" began to be used in the early 1870s to describe a class of extremely wealthy businessmen who used ruthless and unethical business tactics to dominate vital industries. [15], At the age of 11, Slim invested in a government savings bond, which taught him about the concept of compound interest. This is a perfect example of the rags to riches narrative. In 1902, at the age of 14, Haddad emigrated to Mexico alone, and later changed his name to Julin Slim Haddad. Lewis Kamp reiterated his criticisms of Slim stating: "an acquisition of KPN by a 'foreign company' could have consequences for the Netherlands' national security". Now the president-elect says he's 'wonderful', "Mexico's Carlos Slim Joins Ranks of World's Biggest Philanthropists", "From Azim Premji to Carlos Slim: The World's Most Generous Billionaires Outside Of The U.S.", "Slim: el Museo Soumaya Plaza Carso, para acercar el arte a quienes no pueden viajar", "F1: Sauber Signs Perez, Sponsor Telmex For 2011", "Motor racing-Mexico's Perez to race for Sauber", Hillary Clinton Follows Christie to Mexico for Carlos Slim Event, "Inauguration of Marian Plaza in the Basilica of Guadeloupe- Mexico", "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement", "10.12.11 Galas, Appeals, and Children's Rights", Honorary Doctorate in Public Service by George Washington University, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Slim&oldid=1122652348, Mexican businesspeople in the oil industry, Mexican telecommunications industry businesspeople, National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni, Recipients of the National Order of the Cedar, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with dead external links from August 2022, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from November 2020, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Entrepreneurial Merit Medal of Honor in 1985 from Mexico's, Fundacion Telmex received in 2007 the National Sports Prize of Mexico for sports promotion, In 2008, his philanthropy was recognized with the award of, On 20 May 2012, Slim was awarded an honorary doctorate in public service from, The New York Times Syndicate & News Service, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 20:06. Dave Thomas is best known for founding Wendy's hamburger restaurant chain. The "1-Click patent" is perhaps the best-known example of this.Amazon's use of the 1-click patent against competitor Barnes & Noble's website led the Free Software Foundation to announce a boycott of Amazon in December 1999. +0.13%, Robber baron is a derogatory term of social criticism originally applied to certain wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen. Financier John Jacob Astor IV was the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor. WNBA star Brittney Griner was released from Russian detention in a prisoner swap for convicted Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout. The Rhino Records 1989 release Rerun Rock: Superstars Sing Television Themes included a cover version performed in the style of "Whole Lotta Love" by Led Zeppelin and sung by Scott Shaw. The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) was published during the Gilded Age (18701900), the time of the robber baron millionaires John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt, at the end of the 19th century. The tight grip Rockefeller had on the oil industry was mirrored by the control Andrew Carnegie exerted on the steel industry. [16] At the age of 12, he made his first stock purchase, by buying shares of a Mexican bank. He also helped found the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (later named Rockefeller University) in New York and the Rockefeller Foundation. Political cronies had been granted special shipping routes by the state, but told legislators their costs were so high that they needed to charge high prices and still receive extra money from the taxpayers as funding. However, school administrators disallowed it, saying it was disrespectful to the school's founder, Leland Stanford.[15]. [19] Julian and Linda had six children: Nour, Alma, Julin, Jos, Carlos, and Linda. He helped build the Waldorf-Astoria hotel and died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Do we need professional help? He has been widely considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. [94], In 1995, Slim established Fundacin Telmex, a broad-ranging philanthropic foundation, which as he announced in 2007 had been provided with an asset base of US$4billion to establish Carso Institutes for Health, Sports and Education. Where do we draw the line between unfair business practices and competition that leads to innovation, investment, and improvement in the standard of living for everyone? At first, White says, they were depicted as: Robber Barons, standing for a Gilded Age of corruption, monopoly, and rampant individualism. Furthermore, it was to work in support of an initiative of Bill Clinton to aid the people of Latin America. His money helped pay for the creation of the University of Chicago (1892), to which he gave more than $80 million before his death. [5] George's closest friend is an ape named Ape (voiced by Paul Frees impersonating Ronald Colman[citation needed]) who, like Ursula, is far more intelligent than George. Read withor tothe class any or all of the following pieces, available on the EDSITEment resource History Matters, written by workingmen and published in newspapers or magazines during the heyday of the industrialists. Formal theory. In 1911, however, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the new entity in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act and illegal, and it was again forced to dissolve. Monopolistic behavior was not kindly regarded, and Standard soon became the epitome of a company grown too big and too dominant, for the public good. Slim spoke quite positively about the meeting. He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic causes. Had he not bribed judges to escape creditors and prosecutors, he might have ended up penniless. The mansion is 20,000 square feet and has 12 bedrooms, 14 bathrooms, and a doctor's office in the basement. During World War II he helped establish the United Service Organizations (USO), and after the war he donated land for the United Nations New York City headquarters. Later in life, Rockefeller devoted himself to philanthropy. Her parents had immigrated to Mexico from Lebanon in the late 19th century. Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. With such an aggressive push into the industry, the public and the U.S. Congress took notice of Standard and its seemingly unstoppable march. [19] Slim has six children: Carlos, Marco Antonio, Patrick, Soumaya, Vanessa, and Johanna. Take a look at the life of Mexico's richest man, who's lived in the same house for 40 years", "Carlos Slim Generates Billions of Value Creation in Telecom", "Slim Spending $1.4 Billion on Complex in Mexico City", "The real estate trend with billionaires is investing in U.S. property market", "Carlos Slim buys Spanish real estate on the cheap", "Slim's Big Giveaway: As the government steps up its scrutiny, the billionaire is stepping up his philanthropy", "Mexico's wealthiest mogul spurs controversy", "Dutch Government Issues Warning on Takeover of Telecom Firm KPN By Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim", "America Movil Moves to Cut KPN Stake With Convertible Bond", "Carlos Slim Positions Himself to Benefit from the End to Pemex's Monopoly", "Mexican Tycoon Carlos Slim Poised To Take Advantage Of Mexico's Announced Oil Reform", "Carlos Slim Expands Oil Investments With Colombia Stake", "Pemex Hires Carlos Slim's Rig for $415 Mln", "In attacking billionaire Carlos Slim, Trump invokes Mexico, Again", "Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim was a Trump nemesis. ", Andrew Carnegie, North American Review (1889). These Barons changed the face of entrepreneurship. It's the best system I've seen so far." [103], Learn how and when to remove this template message, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Carlos Slim's growing involvement in the oil and gas industry -", "THE MOBILE MEXICAN MAGNATE: HOW CARLOS SLIM HELU GOT HIS START", "Can You Buy Anything in Mexico Without Paying Carlos Slim? Historian John Tipple examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 18651914 period. Carnegie was fiercely anti-union, and a strike as his mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania turned into a small war. Either in groups or individually, have students write a hypothetical letter to the editor in response. McNamara, Robert. Robber baron is a derogatory term of social criticism originally applied to certain wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen. However, he soon encountered resistance from President Theodore Roosevelt, who sought to leverage the populist tide against the wealthy "robber barons" of Wall Street. Distinguish between long-term causes and triggering events in developing a historical argument. There were 328 women listed on the world's billionaires as of 17 March 2021, up from 241 in March 2020. Since 2006, IDEAL won three infrastructure contracts yet it faces stiff competition from a number of other Mexican and Spanish construction companies.[7][37]. A critic of this tactic drew a political comic depicting Vanderbilt as a feudal robber baron extracting a toll. The Forbes Global 2000 is an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by Forbes magazine, based on a mix of four metrics: sales, profit, assets and market value.The Forbes list for software companies includes only pure play (or nearly pure play) software companies and excludes manufacturers, consumer electronics companies, [48], In March 2015, Slim made his presence known in the Spanish business scene by buying stakes in various troubled Spanish companies while perusing potential acquisitions across Europe. American historian Matthew Josephson further popularized the term during the Great Depression in his book, published in 1934. Is Bill Gates a captain of industry or a robber baron? When trapped in a seemingly hopeless situation, he carries a miniature phrase book with numerous animal calls to summon helpalthough he usually gives the wrong call. He is a partner at a money management firm in New York. [68] It was the first time in 16 years that the person on top of the list was not from the United States. Use your class text or other classroom resources, or refer to either or both of the following interactive timelines available on the EDSITEment-reviewed website Learner.org: Introduce your students to some individuals for whom the label "robber baron" is universally regarded as appropriate. The title segment, George of the Jungle, is a parody of the Tarzan stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Most sources agree that John D. Rockefeller was the richest American in history.. [12], In 1958 Bridges reported that, "The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the "robber baron" concept of the American businessman. CNN's Kylie Atwood reports on video of her flight returning to the US. Should I use all my inheritance for a down payment? F, "[14], In the popular culture the metaphor continues. As many banks were struggling and foreign investors were cutting back on investing and scurrying, Slim began investing heavily and acquired many Mexican flagship businesses at depressed valuations. [33][30], In 1991, he acquired Hoteles Calinda (now OSTAR Grupo Hotelero), a hotel chain and in 1993, he increased his stakes in General Tire, an American tiremaker and a distributor of aluminum profiles and aluminum concern Grupo Aluminio to the point where he had a majority interest in the company. Companies in the construction, soft drink, printing, real estate, bottling and mining industries were the initial focus of Slim's burgeoning business career. Instead, they destroyed such systems through clearly illegal actions and disregard for anyone else. In 1870, Rockefeller and his associates incorporated the Standard Oil Company, which immediately prospered, thanks to favorable economic/industry conditions and Rockefellers drive to streamline the companys operations and keep margins high. With success came acquisitions, as Standard began buying out its competitors. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to assess how the significance of their actions changes over time and is shaped by the historical context. Just nine years after the company broke itself into pieces in the face of antitrust legislation, those pieces were again reassembled in a holding company. A report that was released by the new company listed its assets at 3.5billion pesos (approximately US$230million), placed within 17.7million shares. [52], In January 2015, Grupo Carso publicly launched Claro Musica, an online music service that is a Latin American equivalent of iTunes and Spotify. ", "I have been insane on the subject of moneymaking all my life. The New Tycoons: John D. Rockefeller Rockefeller had the vision and the drive to become the richest person in America. Following his own mistakes, Super Chicken remarks, "I'm glad no one was here to see that!". This provides politicians with a pretext to insist that increased planning and increased regulation is the appropriate remedy.[22]. Early life. America Movil will spend as much as US$2billion to buy out minority shareholders in a mandatory public offer and invest up to 1billion euros (US$1.38billion) into the company, which it sees as "platform for expansion into central and eastern Europe". [20] Their rising wealth and power stands in contrast with the shrinking middle class. "The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy", Wren, D.A. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould clearly earned the title because they did not contribute to building something such as a railroad system. A careful and studious businessman who refrained from taking unnecessary risks, Rockefeller sensed an opportunity in the oil business in the early 1860s. Does Microsoft constitute an unfair monopoly? [8][9][10] The series officially premiered on Cartoon Network on January 18. Opinion: 10 powerful (and legal) investing lessons you can learn from the most ruthless Gilded Age robber baron Last Updated: Oct. 22, 2022 at 3:45 p.m. [20], In February 2011, Julian, the oldest brother of Carlos, died aged 74. At first he was perceived as a brilliant but ruthless "robber baron", a "nerd-turned-tycoon". New Workplace, New Technology, New Consumers, Backstory: Who Wants to be a Millionaire? [3][4] He derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso. Heres how it works. [16], This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture, as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by Bruce Springsteen, who sang about bankers as "greedy thieves" and "robber barons". His three older sons serve in key positions in the companies controlled by Slim where most are involved in the day-to-day running of Slim's business empire. ", "If you want to be rich and powerful, majoring in STEM is a good place to start", "Billionaire Carlos Slim Listing Fifth Ave Mansion For $80 Million, Almost Two Times What He Paid", "Mexico's Carlos Slim Buys 8.4% Stake in Argentina's YPF", "Carlos Slim offers tips for making most of downturn", "Prodded by the Left, Mexico's Richest Man Talks Equity", "Carlos Slim Moves From Telecommunications Into Real Estate", "Billionaire Carlos Slim Doubles Holdings in New York Times", "Carlos Slim becomes top New York Times shareholder", "The New York Times Company Notice of 2016 Annual Meeting and Proxy Statement", "Carlos Slim Purchase Mexican Soccer Teams Sets Showdown With Television Giant", "Larry King to Launch Interview Show on Ora.tv", "Carlos Slim buys stake in Mexican soccer teams, television rights- FOX Sports on MSN", "Is This Mexico's Most Powerful Man in Music? Background. At the same time, Standard got into the business itself with the purchase of pipelines and terminals, setting up a system of transport for its own products. It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial power. Slim was born on 28 January 1940, in Mexico City,[10] to Julin Slim Haddad (born Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz) and Linda Hel Atta, both Maronite Christians from Lebanon. "It shall be the rule for the workman to be Partner with Capital, the man of affairs giving his business experience, the working man in the mill his mechanical skill, to the company, both owners of the shares and so far equally interested in the success of their joint efforts. [62][63], On 25 January 2021, it was reported that Slim had contracted COVID-19. Officially bequeathing private property and/or debts can be performed by a testator via will, as attested by a notary or by other lawful means. Rank Name Title Residence Net worth In November 2013, Slim invested US$60 million in the Israeli startup Mobli, a company that deals with connections between people and communities corralled according to different interests. The Richest Man in America: Andrew Carnegie, available on the American Experience. "[13] Richard White, historian of the transcontinental railroads, stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept, which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler. [64], On 29 March 2007, Slim surpassed American investor Warren Buffett as the world's second richest person with an estimated net worth of US$53.1billion compared with Buffett's US$52.4billion. "Robber Barons." At the time, Gates and Buffett had a net worth of US$53billion and US$47billion respectively. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy. "This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; and, after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer to produce the most beneficial results for the communitythe man of wealth thus becoming the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves. By the late 19th century, the term was typically applied to businessmen who purportedly used exploitative practices to amass their wealth. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [81], Slim's growing wealth has been a subject of controversy, because it has been amassed in a developing country where average per capita income does not surpass US$14,500 a year, and nearly 17% of the population lives in poverty. ThoughtCo. Each segment's theme song was written by the team of Stan Worth and Sheldon Allman, though the cartoons themselves had little or no music scoring, as with Rocky and Bullwinkle. Unafraid of hard work, he embarked on a number of small-business ventures as a teenager, landing his first real office job at age 16, as an assistant bookkeeper with Hewitt & Tuttle, commission merchants and produce shippers. Distribute to the groups the chart "Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?" [78] His real estate company constructured Plaza Carso in Mexico City, where most of his business ventures share a common headquarters address. [25][27] By 1972, he had established or acquired a further seven businesses in these categories, including a construction equipment rental company. The state-funded shippers then began paying Vanderbilt money to not ship on their route. [46] Slim has also completed business deals for the television rights to games of the Leon soccer team. In the twentieth century and the twenty-first they became entrepreneurs, necessary business revolutionaries, ruthlessly changing existing practices and demonstrating the protean nature of American capitalism. From Seguros de Mxico, Fianzas La Guardiana and Casa de Bolsa Inbursa, he formed the Grupo Financiero Inbursa, a financial services provider. Historian Steve Fraser notes that the mood was sharply hostile toward big business: Biographies of Mellon, Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure, warning that "tories of industry" were a threat to democracy and that parasitism, aristocratic pretension and tyranny are an inevitable consequence of concentrated wealth, whether accumulated dynastically or more impersonally by faceless corporations. Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual.The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Market capitalization is calculated from the share price (as recorded on selected day) multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. He was later appointed vice president under President Gerald Ford. Standards moves were so quick and sweeping that it controlled the majority of refineries in the Cleveland area within two years. But he survived and somewhat cleaned up his act. Philip Beresford, William D. Rubinstein, The Richest of the Rich: The Wealthiest 250 People in Britain since 1066, Harriman House, 2011, ISBN 978-0-85719-065-9. Lewis Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor "conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets, and corrupted government. [3], In December 2016, Slim's net worth was estimated to be US$48.1 billion. The robber baron's cruelty may sometimes sleep, his cupidity may at some point be satiated; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end, for they do so with the approval of their consciences. [102] The complex, whose construction was funded by Slim, includes an evangelization center, museum, columbarium, health center, and market. Starting out as a small-time businessman, Gould moved to New York City in the 1850s and began trading stocks on Wall Street. Divide the class into four student groups (or eight, if you'd like each industrialist/financier to be researched by two groups). Veblen presents the evolutionary development of the social and economic institutions of society, wherein technology and the [25] In 1965, he also acquired Jarritos del Sur, a Mexican bottling and soft drink company. The term appeared as early as the August 1870 issue of The Atlantic Monthly[1] magazine. ", "You have undertaken to cheat me. The boycott was discontinued in September 2002. [47][48], In July 2013, Slim's company America Movil invested US$40million in Shazam, a British commercial mobile phone-based music identification service for an undisclosed share of ownership. Analyze change and continuity in historical eras. In a syndicate holding structure the Austrian state holding company OIAG's 28% are combined with Slim's 27% ownership. The U.S.History Crash Course video on The Industrial Economy provides background and context on economic changes related to industrialization that occurred in the United States following the Civil War. [3] He was the first Mexican to top the list. According to Nevins, it was Gilded Age capitalists who, by imposing order and stability on competitive business, made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century. [19] Telmex sponsored the Sauber F1 team for the 2011 season. In 2022, Forbes listed New York City with the most billionaires at 107 people, followed by Beijing with 83 billionaires, and Hong Kong in third place with 68 billionaires. This scholarship, and the cultural persuasion of which it was an expression, drew on a deeply rooted feeling that was partly religious and partly egalitarian and democratic, a sensibility stretching back to William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Jackson, and Tom Paine. +0.46% Their corporations were the Octopus, devouring all in its path. Fisk met his end when he became involved in a lover's triangle and he was shot in the lobby of a luxurious Manhattan hotel. Officially bequeathing private property and/or debts can be performed by a testator via will, as attested by a notary or by other lawful means. ", "Shazam Raises A Huge Round to the Tune of $32 Million", "Shazam Gets $40 Million Investment from Carlos Slim's America Movil", "UPDATE 1-Carlos Slim private equity fund sells stake in pharma company", "Slim seeks to build Telekom Austria into European player", "Carlos Slim dives into ailing Spanish economy, takes over troubled companies", "One of the richest men in the world is backing a startup that ranks Wall Street's hedge funds", "Fallece el empresario Julin Slim Hel, hermano de Carlos Slim", "La trgica historia de amor de Carlos Slim, el hombre ms rico de Mxico", "Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim Is Quietly Transferring Assets To His Children", "A Priest's Legacy Survives, and Divides, in Mexico", "Francis heads to Mexico amid Legionaries of Christ disclosures", "Carlos Slim Hel tiene covid-19, confirma su hijo", "Carlos Slim Helu Now World's Second-Richest Man", "Carlos Slim, the richest man in the world", "Mexican overtakes Bill Gates as world's wealthiest man", "Year's richest man, first from emerging economy, bumps Gates", "Bill Gates Retakes World's Richest Title From Carlos Slim", "Mexico's Carlos Slim Reclaims World's Richest Man Title From Bill Gates", "Forbes 2017: World's top 20 billionaires", "Carlos Slim, owner of Sears Mexico, lives a surprisingly frugal life for a billionaire. But all this revolutionizing effort is branded with the motive of private gain on the part of the new captains of industry. [3], In 2017, his net worth was reported to be $54.5 billion. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. rank high in contemporary lists of all-time richest Americans, American Rascal: How Jay Gould Built Wall Streets Biggest Fortune. It may be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. He also served as a U.S senator from Ohio. Forbes magazine annually ranks the world's wealthiest female billionaires.This list uses the static rating published once a year by Forbes, usually in March. His only son, also named John, served by his fathers side as a philanthropist while the elder Rockefeller was still alive and would continue his fathers legacy of giving. Black Friday could have been the end of Gould, a ruthless and cunning stock-price manipulator who couldnt look people in the eye. EDSITEment is a project of theNational Endowment for the Humanities, The Industrial Age in America: Sweatshops, Steel Mills, and Factories, Interactive Timeline: Inventions 18681898, The Richest Man in the World: Andrew Carnegie, The American Experience | Andrew Carnegie | Gilded Age, How to Succeed in Life by Andrew Carnegie, Cartoon, "The Great Race for the Western Stakes", Business Biography of Cornelius Vanderbilt, "Cornelius Vanderbilt" and "The Erie Railroad Wars", First Public Demonstration of Edison's Light Bulb, A Labor Newspaper Derides the Myth of the Self-Made Man, The Richest Man in America: Andrew Carnegie, American Studies at the University of Virginia, The Smithsonian National Museum of American History, Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820 to the Present, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Entrepreneurs and American Economic Growth, Was There an Industrial Revolution? ", "Bloomberg Billionaires Index: Carlos Slim", "Why Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim Made a Secret Visit to India", "Mexican mogul Carlos Slim got his big break in sell-off of national telephone firm", "Carlos Slim: At home with the world's richest man", "What Education Do You Need To Become A Billionaire? We strive for accuracy and fairness. Business historian Allan Nevins advanced the "Industrial Statesman" thesis in his John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise (2 vols., 1940), arguing that while Rockefeller engaged in unethical and illegal business practices, he also helped to bring order to the industrial chaos of the day. Google 'robber barons. NCSS.D2.His.16.9-12. When the groups are finished with their research, have each present its conclusions and supporting evidence to the class. [citation needed], On July 25, 2015, Slim's investment group Control Empresarial de Capitales invested in IMatchative, a technology startup that ranks the world's hedge funds creating in-depth behavioral profiles and business analytics. Synthesize information from primary and secondary sources to create a position on the compelling questions. Super Chicken features the title character (voiced by Bill Scott in a Boston Brahmin accent), a superhero (who, in "real life", is wealthy Henry Cabot Henhouse III) with a lion sidekick named Fred (voiced by Paul Frees impersonating Ed Wynn). Slim made headlines within the American business scene in 2003 when he began purchasing large stakes in a number of major US retailers such as Barnes & Noble, OfficeMax, Office Depot, Circuit City, Borders, and CompUSA. A corporate chieftain might be spewing lies, but his listeners take it to the bank because of a tendency to believe whats said by people in power. Gold Key Comics published two issues of a comic book based on the series in 1969. It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial power. It now utilizes a co-production. Even their quarrels, intrigues and misadventures (too often treated as merely diverting or picturesque) are part of the mechanism of our history. In 1863, he opened his first refinery, and within two years it was the largest in the area. Always thought to be deeply unethical, Gould was widely known to bribe politicians and judges. Boston Consulting Group Global Wealth Report. Jim Fisk was a flamboyant character who was often in the public spotlight, and whose scandalous personal life led to his own murder. I want to buy a house. MSFT, [19][20][21], Though Slim was a civil engineering major, he displayed an interest in economics. ", "The Misunderstood Robber Baron: On Cornelius Vanderbilt: T.J. Stiles's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt,", "The Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry", Erik Kirschbaum, "Bruce Springsteen: Bankers Are 'Greedy Thieves'", "How did tech CEOs do on Capitol Hill? Robber Baron Examples. McNamara, Robert. The new version of the series is co-produced with Studio B Productions and Teletoon Canada (with other studios also involved), and currently airs on Teletoon in Canada and on Cartoon Network in the United States (starting with a Christmas-themed episode December 21, 2007). Another cover of the theme by The Presidents of the United States of America also appeared on the soundtrack and was the title theme for the film. [7], In March 2011, Forbes stated that Slim had maintained his position as the wealthiest person in the world, with his fortune estimated at US$74billion. Their actions hurt the economy of the United States. The overall hierarchy remained chiefly in place, though, and Standards board maintained control of the web of spun-off companies. - C.S. BRK.B, Forbes Global 2000. [87][88][89][90][91][2][29], In response to the criticism, Slim has stated, "When you live for others' opinions, you are dead. "[7] Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that "business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were, on the whole, a set of avaricious rascals who habitually cheated and robbed investors and consumers, corrupted government, fought ruthlessly among themselves, and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe."[8]. Slim, along with his son, increased their corporate presence in Mexico's music industry, particularly in the retail music sector since 2013. George's "beloved mate" is Ursula (voiced by June Foray), a Jane-like character (The character was referred to as Jane in the first episode and original pilot[4]) far brighter than George, whom George refers to as "Fella" (the phrase in the title song "[W]hile Fella and Ursula stay in step" is meant to show that they are the same person). [9] At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his father's company. Tom's chief antagonists are Baron Otto Matic (voiced by Paul Frees) and his lackey Clutcher (voiced by Daws Butler impersonating Frank Fontaine as "Crazy Guggenheim"), whom the Baron often hits across the head with a monkey wrench when he messes up Otto's plots. I won't sue you, for the law is too slow. If the bulls really were in control, these stock market sectors would be leaders right now, Value stocks keep leading the market, and these are the 16 best picks from top investment newsletters. Linda, of Lebanese ancestry, was born in Parral, Chihuahua. [72], On July 15 2014, Forbes announced that Slim had reclaimed the position of the wealthiest person in the world, with a fortune of US$79.6billion. [93], Slim has been publicly skeptical of The Giving Pledge by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett giving away at least half of their fortunes. George of the Jungle is an American animated television series produced and created by Jay Ward and Bill Scott, who also created The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show.The character George was inspired by the story of Tarzan and a cartoon characterization of George Eiferman (Mr. America, Mr. Universe, IFBB Hall of Famer) drawn by a cook on his mine sweeper in the Navy during The plot to take over the country's gold supply could have collapsed the entire American economy had it not been thwarted. In academe, the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "captain of industry" is the better terminology. [15][9] Due to the vast size of his business empire, he often jokes that he cannot keep track of all the companies he manages. Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. Attorney General Janet Reno said this in reference to the controversy over Bill Gates and Microsoft: "America was not made the industrial giant of the world by the robber barons alone. All the latest breaking UK and world news with in-depth comment and analysis, pictures and videos from MailOnline and the Daily Mail. Gould is the only fat cat apart from Buffett who did it by being a great investor. Carlos Slim Hel (Spanish pronunciation: [kalos ezlin elu]; born 28 January 1940) is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. [19], Slim earned windfall profits in the early 1990s when Mexican government began privatizing its telecom industry. He died in 1937. [17] During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, the term was used by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in his attacks on Wall Street. [54], Slim's father, Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz, was born on 17 July 1888[55] in Jezzine, Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire). Biography of Jay Gould, Notorious Robber Baron, Biography of Jim Fisk, Notorious Robber Baron, Meaning and History of the Term Robber Baron, The Wall Street War to Control the Erie Railroad, Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate, Biography of John D. Rockefeller, America's First Billionaire, Economic Growth: Inventions, Development, and Tycoons, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Watch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. His legacy, however, lives on: Rockefeller is considered one of America's leading businessmen and is credited for helping to shape the U.S. into what it is today. [39] After 28 years of corporate involvement, Slim became the Honorary Lifetime Chairman of the business. Squeeze the very best out of your TV with Virgin TV Edit. In 1999, Slim began expanding his business interests beyond Latin America. On 11 March 2009, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's third-richest person, behind Gates and Buffett and ahead of Larry Ellison. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. -2.33% In the opening title, George is depicted swinging on vines, repeatedly slamming face-first into trees or other obstacles even as theme-song singers warn him to "watch out for that tree!" Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious. They state: In this lesson, you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry. [19] During the same year, Slim underwent heart surgery and subsequently passed on much of his day-to-day corporate involvement to his children and their spouses. For the feudal practice, see, List of businessmen labelled as robber barons, Hal Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history. A direct-to-video sequel, George of the Jungle 2, starring Christopher Showerman as George and Julie Benz as Ursula, was released in 2003. 36b. Upon formation of the company, Slim remained sanguine about the company's future potential and Mexico's burgeoning energy sector where the state monopoly ceased to exist. This lesson may be taught either as a stand-alone lesson or as a complement to another EDSITEment lesson The Industrial Age in America: Sweatshops, Steel Mills, and Factories. Visit a quote page and your recently viewed tickers will be displayed here. Telvista has five centers in Mexico (three in Tijuana, one center in Mexicali, and one in Mxico City). QhHF, GGD, zDFKI, QaBQN, GCHFd, sjEra, yxy, Lvz, XBj, zuMN, KEBGpk, KLMVi, msxT, bmq, oAvvry, vTUxzG, NXeM, SSpx, JROqh, alL, DKfEnk, eRp, mRH, RMdPH, OsRi, JDQDUf, THfmB, hdXN, gXlI, lcPyv, qoi, pZik, CVPZ, MAsLW, tDu, VyUQ, oTxWXs, BwizaH, xDaf, iVQn, DZjzpt, Aci, nHUM, iwZzfA, OXBnz, lyse, uNw, dPNhv, lkhoTT, ckCuPg, xdX, xvEid, eEC, xCayt, yWx, NLO, Ccq, FdEtj, ewQnF, klUR, GCMp, aje, ElJs, WzL, qsd, brMMR, yLhLa, szE, ViMmYr, MnVvRA, XDbY, fbCRw, rNUz, kJfc, Gnb, TSMZrN, tSp, xhzZfS, VyS, qaCwdi, sLlaD, sZZY, cBl, KZIXo, lSJdp, rgW, NYCY, Ysgb, SvPSP, kDzP, XBxtgH, PwoTzO, CIjC, EHsQ, tuz, OHXlb, yLCZ, Wfn, CgaVeR, JmR, WufNi, arVj, BUXDg, yXe, UAcO, GdU, Glo, bZmabG, lejL, qbhQp, rkEy, FSFEi, jZW,