A. Therefore, determining the role of ER in breast carcinogenesis appears to be critically important to understanding the effect of soy and isoflavone intake on breast cancer risk. 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The 65-year-old journalist and healthcare activist has teamed with organic baby The findings of Hawrylewicz et al. This may be true, but binding affinity alone does not determine potency because the resulting conformational change in the ligand (isoflavone)-receptor complex varies among ligands regardless of binding affinity (92). In contrast, in intact mice fed estrogen, genistein inhibits tumor growth. Inhibition of 17-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase by flavonoids in breast and prostate cancer cells, Effects of phytoestrogens on aromatase, 3 and 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities and human breast cancer cells, Regulation of steroid sulphatase and oestradiol 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in breast cancer, Effects of mammalian and plant estrogens on mammary glands and uteri of macaques, Regulation of signal transduction activity in normal and cancer cells, Antiproliferative efficacy of lipophilic soy isoflavone phytoestrogens delivered by low density lipoprotein particles into cultured U937 cells, Antioxidant activity of phytoestrogenic isoflavones, Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene, Growth-inhibitory effects of the natural phyto-oestrogen genistein in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, Genistein inhibits both estrogen and growth factor-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells, Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo, Genistein's ER-dependent and independent actions are mediated through ER pathways in ER-positive breast carcinoma cell lines, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as antiproliferative agents against an estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line in vitro, Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of C-ERBB-2 in MDA-MB-435 cells by genistein, Tamoxifen and genistein synergistically down-regulate signal transduction and proliferation in estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells, Genistein exerts multiple suppressive effects on human breast carcinoma cells, Bcl-2 is not reduced in the death of MCF-7 cells at low genistein concentration, Galectin-3 mediates genistein-induced G(2)/M arrest and inhibits apoptosis, Genistein in the control of breast cancer cell growth: insights into the mechanism of action in vitro, Antiestrogens are partial estrogen agonists for prolactin production in primary pituitary cultures, Effects of phytoestrogens on DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells in the presence of estradiol or growth factors, Inhibition of invasion of murine mammary carcinoma cells by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, Genistein inhibits proliferation and in vitro invasive potential of human prostatic cancer cell lines, Genistein, a component of soy, inhibits the expression of the EGF and ERBB2/NEU receptors in the rat dorsolateral prostate, Mass spectrometric determination of genistein tissue distribution in diet-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats, Genistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of in vitro angiogenesis, Flavonoids, dietary-derived inhibitors of cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis, Effects of genistein and 2-methoxyestradiol on matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors secreted by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, Soybean phytochemicals inhibit the growth of transplantable human prostate carcinoma and tumor angiogenesis in mice, Soybean isoflavones reduce experimental metastasis in mice, Genistein attenuates peritoneal metastasis of azoxymethane-induced intestinal adenocarcinomas in wistar rats, Effect of dietary supplementation of soybeans on experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice, Effect of isoflavones genistein and daidzein in the inhibition of lung metastasis in mice induced by B16F-10 melanoma cells, Diets containing whey proteins or soy protein isolate protect against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female rats, Dietary soybean isolate and methionine supplementation affect mammary tumor progression in rats, Effect of miso (Japanese soybean paste) and NaCl on DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors, Inhibitory effects of bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis, with a partial contribution of its component isoflavones, Effect of intact and isoflavone-depleted soy protein on NMU-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis, Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers, Modification of spontaneous mammary tumors in mice fed different sources of protein, fat and carbohydrate, Quality of dietary protein during initiation and promotion of chemical carcinogenesis in rats, Dietary Proteins. Women who take thyroid medication should check with their doctor before drinking soy milk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021 Jun 7;12:670103. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670103. & Eden, J. The proposed mechanism for the protective effect of early genistein exposure is from the stimulation of cell proliferation in the mammary gland resulting in enhancement of mammary gland maturation. However, on the basis of national household survey dietary data for 19801985, Nagata (164) did not find that soy or isoflavone intake was related to breast cancer mortality in 47 prefectures in Japan. As a result, some clinicians advise patients with breast cancer to limit their consumption of soy or avoid it altogether. government site. Soy and breast cancer risk: epidemiology. Mechanism of Soy Isoflavone Daidzein-Induced Female-Specific Anorectic Effect. (120) found that genistein (5 mol/L) and tamoxifen synergistically inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells. noted few hormonal changes in premenopausal (79) or postmenopausal women (217) who were fed soy protein containing various amounts of isoflavones. Now a new study of more than Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. & Day, N. E. (, Ogawara, H., Akiyama, T., Ishida, J., Watanabe, S. & Suzuki, K. (, Akiyama, T., Ishida, J., Nakagawa, S., Ogawara, H., Watanabe, S., Itoh, N., Shibuya, M. & Fukami, Y. A particularly fascinating finding from the Larmartiniere group is that when genistein is given to adult rats, mammary carcinogenesis is reduced only if these animals were also exposed to genistein early in life (Coral Lamartiniere, University of Alabama, Birmingham, unpublished data, 2001). However, 24 grams of soy represents a single serving of many soy foods. Subscribe to Harvard Health Online for immediate access to health news and information from Harvard Medical School. Before Most studies on Asian populations included women who have eaten it since early childhood and were probably also exposed to it in the uterus, says Trock, compared to Western studies involving women who mostly didnt eat soya until later in life. Plus, get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. There has been a lot of news attention about it and you have probably heard a family member or friend talking about it the connection between soy and cancer. Furthermore, isoflavones may bind less tightly than estrogen to serum proteins making them more available to tissues (76) and they may be tissue selective, exerting quite pronounced estrogen-like effects in some tissues such as the coronary vessels (77,78) but not in other tissues such as the endometrium (7882). Plasma levels of estradiol in ovariectomized athymic mice are 99139 pmol/L, similar to the levels seen in postmenopausal women (168). (, Pagliacci, M. C., Smacchia, M., Migliorati, G., Grignani, F., Riccardi, C. & Nicoletti, I. Women can get higher doses of phytoestrogens in some dietary supplements (such as soy or isoflavone supplements). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. (234) in which pS2 levels were increased in breast cells taken from premenopausal women and in the work by Petrakis et al. Discover information about different types of cancer, Learn about cancer, diagnosis, treatment, coping & survivorship, Find resources & tools for oncology healthcare professionals. Am JClinNutr. New Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors: SEER Cancer Registries, 1973-2000. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. These include vitamins and soy-based and herbal products (like black cohosh and red clover). Nutr. (92) found that, in contrast to estradiol, in the ER-genistein complex the AF-2 helix does not adopt the distinctive agonist position but instead lies in a similar orientation to that induced by estrogen receptor antagonists. News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More Ju S, Song S, Lee J, Hwang S, Lee Y, Kwon Y, Lee Y. However, not all studies showed protective effects (144147). Also, soy sauce does NOT contain isoflavones. These effects can be good or bad. 8600 Rockville Pike This conclusion agrees with findings by Makela et al. This position is not without controversy because some data suggest that estrogen is not contraindicated for such patients (37,256,257); it does not appear that estrogen increases disease-specific mortality because breast tumors in HRT users tend to be smaller, better differentiated and more likely to be of a favorable histological type (245,258260). Please consult with your providerbefore using any type of supplement, as they may interfere with your medications. The study published in the journal Cancer looks at soy's effects on breast cancer survivors, in particular. (215) found no effect of soy protein on estrogen levels or metabolism in premenopausal women. (, Lamartiniere, C. A., Moore, J., Holland, M. & Barnes, S. (, Lamartiniere, C. A., Moore, J. (, Key, T. J., Sharp, G. B., Appleby, P. N., Beral, V., Goodman, M. T., Soda, M. & Mabuchi, K. (, Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Hamajima, N., Inoue, M., Takezaki, T., Kuroishi, T., Yoshida, M. & Tokudome, S. (, Chie, W. C., Lee, W. C., Li, C. Y., Huang, C. S., Chang, K. J. Whether youre concerned about your risk or if youre high-risk for breast cancer its always best to make sure to talk to your doctor about everything you put into your body, she emphasizes. 2015. Meanwhile, the researchers also searched and obtained 8 previous prospective cohort studies from public domain and carried out doseresponse meta-analysis. World Health Organization collaborative study of neoplasia and steroid contraceptives [published erratum appears in Am. For example, Hawrylewicz et al. Consequently, identifying a high vs. low estrogen environment may not be as simple as identifying pre-vs. postmenopausal women, especially in the case of breast cancer patients. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health, plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise, pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, andmore. J. Epidemiol. The epidemiologic evidence, Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies, Future possibilities in the prevention of breast cancer: fat and fiber and breast cancer research, Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer, Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer [see comments], Re: Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer, Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies, Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore, The interaction in the immature mouse of potent oestrogens with coumestrol, genistein and other utero-vaginotrophic compounds of low potency, A specific inhibitor for tyrosine protein kinase from pseudomonas, Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases, Induction of differentiation and DNA strand breakage in human HL-60 and K-562 leukemia cells by genistein, Isoflavone composition of American and Japanese soybeans in Iowa: effects of variety, crop year, and location, Isoflavone content in Brazilian soybean cultivars, Determination of the levels of isoflavonoids in soybeans and soy-derived foods and estimation of isoflavonoids in the Japanese daily intake, Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women, Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women, Dietary intake and sources of isoflavones among Japanese, Genistein inhibits growth of estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells in culture but not in athymic mice, Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones depends upon gut microflora in women, Daidzein is a more bioavailable soymilk isoflavone than is genistein in adult women, Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako), Plasma and urinary kinetics of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein after a single soy meal in humans, Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men, Phytoestrogens and diseases of the prostate gland, Serum levels and metabolic clearance of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in hemodialysis patients, Urinary pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein, Phytoestrogens: the biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones, Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements, In vitro bioassays of non-steroidal phytoestrogens, Validation of two in vitro test systems for estrogenic activities with zearalenone, phytoestrogens and cereal extracts, The effective free fraction of estradiol and xenoestrogens in human serum measured by whole cell uptake assays: physiology of delivery modifies estrogenic activity, The phytoestrogen genistein produces acute nitric oxide-dependent dilation of human forearm vasculature with similar potency to 17-estradiol, Differentiation between vasculoprotective and uterotrophic effects of ligands with different binding affinities to estrogen receptors alpha and beta, Soy isoflavones exert modest hormonal effects in premenopausal women, Vasomotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, The phytoestrogen genistein reduces bone loss in short-term ovariectomized rats, Preventive effects of the plant isoflavones, daidzin and genistin, on bone loss in ovariectomized rats fed a calcium-deficient diet, Ethnic differences in post-menopausal plasma oestrogen levels: high oestrone levels in Japanese-American women despite low weight, Isoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal women [published erratum appears in J. Clin. (, Greendale, G. A., Reboussin, B. /PRNewswire/ -- Breast cancer patients and survivors can lay their fears to rest regarding soy consumption. Also Check: Can Asbestos Cause Breast Cancer. The primary isoflavones in soybeans are the glucosides, genistin and daidzin, and their respective aglycones, genistein (4 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and daidzin (4, 7-dihydroxyisoflavone). (, Cassidy, A., Bingham, S. & Setchell, K. D. (, Lu, L. J., Anderson, K. E., Grady, J. J., Kohen, F. & Nagamani, M. (, Wrensch, M. R., Petrakis, N. L., King, E. B., Miike, R., Mason, L., Chew, K. L., Lee, M. M., Ernster, V. L., Hilton, J. F., Schweitzer, R., Goodson, W. H., III & Hunt, T. K. (, Wrensch, M., Petrakis, N. L., King, E. B., Lee, M. M. & Miike, R. (, Petrakis, N. L., Lee, M. M., Wrensch, M. R., Ernster, V. L., Miike, R., Koo, L. C. & Ho, J. C. (, Hargreaves, D. F., Potten, C. S., Harding, C., Shaw, L. E., Morton, M. S., Roberts, S. A., Howell, A. This situation may be analogous to tamoxifen as noted by Bouker and Hilakivi-Clarke (38) in that in male rat anterior pituitary cells, low (100 nmol/L) concentrations of tamoxifen increased prolactin secretion but at higher concentrations, estrogen-stimulated prolactin secretion was completed inhibited by tamoxifen (125). Soy foods have a lot of isoflavones, which are weak estrogen-like compounds found in plants. However, eating soy foods during the preteen and teen years, when breast tissue is forming, may be especially protective. I'd like to receive access to Harvard Health Online for only $4.99 a month. Background: Some studies have investigated the association between soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival, but the results are far from conclusive. These women filled outsurveys about what they ate and other lifestyle habits. The American Cancer Society's dietary guidelines note that consumption of soy foods is not only safe but "may even lower breast cancer risk." Another study in the journal Nutrition & Metabolism has also shown that increased soy consumption correlates to a reduced risk of prostate cancer for men. 10. In one strain of rats, dietary exposure to soy from conception through adulthood decreased the incidence of mammary tumors in adult animals by 20 percent. Soy is often used as a food additive (soy lecithin, soy oil) and can be found in processed food, such as salad dressing and baked goods. Although research is ongoing, there is little evidence to suggest that there is danger in consuming moderate amounts of soy in food even for survivors. (, Buist, D. S., LaCroix, A. Tory Johnson's 40 Boxes has exclusive deals for "Good Morning America" viewers to support the fight against breast cancer and celebrate survivors. In 2000, 27% of U.S. consumers reported using soy products at least once per week, which is nearly double the 1998 figure (1), and soy foods sales are projected to be $6 billion in 2005, a nearly threefold increase from 1999 (2). A., Ljung, B. M., Bauer, D. C., Cummings, S. R. & Kuller, L. H. (, Newman, S. C., Lees, A. W. & Jenkins, H. J. Some Decreases in tumor incidence were also noted in F344 rats in response to the consumption of diets containing 1.5 or 5% hypocotyls [embryo buds of soybeans; concentrated in isoflavones relative to the whole soybean (153)] in comparison with the control diet; incidence in these groups was 25, 26 and 37.5%, respectively (150). And if its OK to eat, why do some people say it isnt? For Non-Hispanic White women high versus low soy intake was associated with a 71% reduction in menopause symptoms and a 75% reduction in fatigue. Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Hunter DJ, Pollak MN, Hankinson SE. (177) also found that prepubertal genistein (1 mg/kg body weight) administration reduces DMBA-induced mammary cancer in rats treated between postnatal d 7 and 20. Shen et al. & Badger, T. M. (, Setchell, K. D., Brown, N. M., Desai, P., Zimmer-Nechemias, L., Wolfe, B. E., Brashear, W. T., Kirschner, A. S., Cassidy, A. The dietary genistin concentration (1400 g/g) used by Shao et al. However, 24 grams of soy represents a single serving of many soy foods. Because estrogen can promote the development, growth, and spread of breast cancers, doctors have worried that eating a lot of soy foods or soy isoflavones (which can be . Typically, there is somewhat more genist(e)in than daidz(e)in in soybeans and soy foods (14). A variety of health benefits, including protection against breast cancer, have been attributed to soy food consumption, primarily because of the soybean isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein). (139) found that soy protein reduced 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumor incidence relative to casein, tumor inhibition was only about half that seen for whey protein. A. 2019 Aug;9(3):453-461. doi: 10.15171/apb.2019.054. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. (131) were the first to show angiogenesis inhibition, finding that genistein inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis with concentrations of 5 and 150 mol/L giving half-maximal inhibition, respectively. To determine the quantity of isoflavones the women ate, they filled out a food questionnaire. A protective effect was observed for both pre- and postmenopausal cancers. & Hendrich, S. (, Xu, X., Wang, H. J., Murphy, P. A., Cook, L. & Hendrich, S. (, Watanabe, S., Yamaguchi, M., Sobue, T., Takahashi, T., Miura, T., Arai, Y., Mazur, W., Wahala, K. & Adlercreutz, H. (, Adlercreutz, H., Markkanen, H. & Watanabe, S. (, Griffiths, K., Denis, L., Turkes, A. Soyfoods have become increasingly popular among health-conscious individuals over the past 10 y. Epub 2009 Apr 1. (165). (223) recently found that in response to soy milk consumption (20 g soy protein/d), serum isoflavone levels in postmenopausal women were positively correlated with increases in SHBG levels, especially in those with low initial SHBG values. The topic of soy and breast cancer has been a controversial subject for years. Soy supplements, such as powders, pills, and capsules, contain more isoflavones than soy eaten as food, such as tofu, soy milk, and the beans themselves . Oncologists have been reluctant to recommend estrogen for breast cancer patients because of studies suggesting that HRT increases breast cancer risk (244,245). Supplements may contain high doses of concentrated sources of soy. & Schneider, S. (, Nagel, S. C., vom Saal, F. S. & Welshons, W. V. (, Walker, H. A., Dean, T. S., Sanders, T. A., Jackson, G., Ritter, J. M. & Chowienczyk, P. J. Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in maintenance of genome stability, specifically the homologous recombination pathway for double-strand DNA repair. These findings indicate that genistein is a potent agonist for ER and that the divergent transcriptional actions of estrogens and isoflavones result not only from their different binding affinities but from differences in their ability to recruit coregulators and trigger transcriptional functions of ER and ER (18). Breast cancer survivors suffer from several treatment-related side effects. In addition, this webpage lists foods, spices and supplements that appear to be risky because they (or significant incorporated Eating Soy May Turn on Genes Linked to Cancer Growth. Although in 1999, the Food and Drug Administration approved a health claim for the cholesterol-lowering properties of soy protein (9) and soybeans are known to contain several bioactive components (10), unarguably, it is the soybean isoflavones that have attracted most attention. (199) found that among Asian Americans, tofu consumption protected against both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer although intake was quite modest, which is consistent with data showing that Asian immigrants consume less soy than do native Asians (200202). Women with normal thyroid levels can also safely drink soy milk. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! & Blair, W. H. (, Charland, S. L., Hui, J. W. & Torosian, M. H. (, Allred, C. D., Allred, K. F., Ju, Y. H., Virant, S. M. & Helferich, W. G. (, Makela, S. I., Pylkkanen, L. H., Santti, R. S. & Adlercreutz, H. (, Seibert, K., Shafie, S. M., Triche, T. J., Whang-Peng, J. J., O'Brien, S. J., Toney, J. H., Huff, K. K. & Lippman, M. E. (, Trevoux, R., De Brux, J., Castanier, M., Nahoul, K., Soule, J. P. & Scholler, R. (, Szymczak, J., Milewicz, A., Thijssen, J. H., Blankenstein, M. A. Additionally, the researchers obtained details of soy consumption from food frequency questionnaires in baseline, two resurveys and twelve 24-h dietary recalls. 2006 Sep 20;98(18):1275-84. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj356. Although it is unclear whether any form of soy or isoflavone pills poses a risk to breast cancer patients, the available data do not appear to warrant differentiating among the various forms of isoflavone-containing products. Note that the relative proportion of free genistein in tissues is higher than in the serum (130) and that breast tissue isoflavone concentrations are two- to threefold higher than paired serum concentrations (Julie Maubach, Ghent University, unpublished data, 2001). To continue reading this article, you must log in. In ovariectomized athymic mice implanted with MCF-7 cells, both genistein and soy protein stimulate tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. In the studies by Petrakis et al. The Chinese-American women were more likely to experience fatigue, joint problems, hair thinning, and memory loss. The higher binding affinity of isoflavones for estrogen receptor- (ER) compared with ER (8789) and the different tissue distributions of these receptors (90,91) are often cited as support for the tissue-selective effects of isoflavones. & Gustafsson, J. If you have breast cancer, its advised that you avoid the following:Caffeine.Alcohol.Raw or undercooked meat, fish or poultry.Raw or soft-cooked eggs.Unpasteurized dairy products or juice.Unwashed fruits and vegetables.Leftovers that are more than three to four days old.More items One study found that women averaging one cup of soy milk or about one half cup of tofu daily have a 30% lower risk of developing breast cancer compared with women who eat little or no soy. & Reed, M. J. Cancer Prevention Research. The analysis showed that for every 10 mg/day increase in soy intake, there was a 3% reduction in breast cancer risk. (, Trock, B., Butler, W., Clarke, R. & Hilakivi-Clarke, L. (, Yuan, J. M., Wang, Q. S., Ross, R. K., Henderson, B. E. & Yu, M. C. (, Hirohata, T., Shigematsu, T., Nomura, A. M., Nomura, Y., Horie, A. Have you done your crossword puzzle today? Few if any data suggest that this is the case. Typically, in Asian epidemiologic studies, consuming soy at least once per day is classified as the highest intake level, whereas less than once per week is the lowest (4,5,51,196,197,203). Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. (149) found that alcohol-extracted soy protein was less effective in inhibiting mammary tumor development than unextracted protein, suggesting that isoflavones may have accounted for the anticancer effects. Others have confirmed antiangiogenesis effects in vitro and well as in vivo (128,134138). Receive the latest resources and updates in your inbox. Isoflavones are considered to be possible selective estrogen receptor modulators but possess nonhormonal properties that also may contribute to their effects. But as so often with "miracle foods," closer study has dampened some of the enthusiasm. They showed that in rats, neonatal exposure to pharmacologic amounts of genistein given by injection on d 2, 4 and 6 of life (173,174) and during the prepubertal period given on 16, 18, and 20 d postpartum (175) and via the diet from conception to 21 d postpartum at physiologic concentrations (25 mg/g body weight) (176) reduces the later development of DMBA-induced (administered on postpartum d 50) mammary cancer by 50%. 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