Bioplastics do produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than traditional plastics over their lifetime. WebTypical is the example of Italy, where biodegradable plastic bags are compulsory for shoppers since 2011 with the introduction of a specific law. I can see composble plant based plastic being beneficial in that area. Water Air Soil Pollut 224: 1352. Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. Types of plastic This alteration to thyroid axis causes hypothyroidism [82]. Journalist's Resource. Most bags that are manufactured from plastic are made from corn-based materials, like polylactic acid blends. Geo. ATSDR (2004) A toxicological Profile for Copper. Endocr Rev 30: 75-95. Dowty BJ, Laseter JL, Storer J (1976) The transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents. For example, historically, landfilling was attractive in the UK because it is relatively cheap and simple without necessarily requiring treatment, cleaning or separation. Degradation will be irrelevant for those trash bags that are incinerated and, for those disposed of in landfills, the marketer does not possess adequate substantiation that the bags will degrade in a reasonably short period of time in a landfill. Brilliant and stops us using so much plastic! or less of waste each month. Marine Debris Entanglement and Ingestion, 99-139. UNEP Year Book, 20-33. A tote bag made of Manilla hemp, produced by the Swiss bag company QWSTION. 3) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC U) Photo: mycobond. Environmental pollution by plastic wastes is now recognized widely to be a major environmental burden [2,3], especially in the aquatic environment where there is prolong biophysical breakdown of plastics [4,5], detrimental negative effects on wildlife [6,7], and limited plastic removal options [5,7,8]. Plastics made from PET must be prevented from high temperatures so as to prevent the leaching of some toxic additives such as acetaldehyde, antimony and phthalates. Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, De Solla SR, Langlois VS (2015) Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species. However, countries like Hungary has enacted regulations, 29/2014. This subsequently led Germany to set-up legislation for extended producer responsibility that resulted in the die GrunePunkt (Green Dot) scheme to implement recovery and recycling of packaging. For example, Table 2 shows the compounds release during the incineration of PVC and the health effects of these compounds. Seventh Generation Free & Clear Dishwasher Detergent Packs are made with plant-based ingredients free of fragrances, dyes, phosphates, and chlorine bleach. Successful precedents exist including the 1989 reclassification of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as hazardous (Montreal Protocol) and persistent organic pollutants in 2004 (Stockholm Convention) [107]. Production of bakelite which is the first truly synthetic polymer was in 1907 in Belgium [14], however, by 1930, bakelite was everywhere, especially in fashion, communication and electrical and automotive industries [15]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2079-2096. Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, et al. Some of the plastic you listed do have benefits though. The methane is fed to plastic-producing bacteria that transform it into PHA, which the company sells to plastic producers. To transform corn into plastic, corn kernels are immersed in sulfur dioxide and hot water, where its components break down into starch, protein, and fiber. Environmental changes are spreading infectious diseases-UN study, Victoria 1-19. Phthalates are harmful to humans. Reddy RL, Reddy SV, Gupta GA (2013) Study of Bio-plastics as Green and Sustainable Alternative to Plastics. Since many of these plastics require access to sunlight, oxygen, or lengthy periods of time to achieve degradation or biodegradation, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission's Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims, commonly called the "green guide",[7] Also, BPA associated neuro-behavioural disorders (e.g. Inadequate management of landfills will make way for harmful chemicals in plastic wastes to leach into the environment, polluting the soil, air and underground water. Eagan JM, Xu J, Di Girolamo R, Thurber CM, Macosko CW, et al. Current Probl Pediat Adolesc Health Care 38: 34-49. WebPaper & Plastic Shop All Paper & Plastic Paper Towels Paper Plates Toilet Paper Disposable Tableware. Distribution of plastic waste is associated with human populations. Sutter JD (2016) How to stop the sixth mass extinction. He believes his integrated system would be more cost-effective than the methods currently used to produce bioplastic that involve buying sugars to make PHA. Science 304: 838. Edu. PBDEs and TBBPA are hormone disruptors, altering the activities of thyroid hormones and oestrogen, thereby causing impaired development of both the nervous and reproductive systems [93]. phthalates, BPA, etc) should be banned in consumer goods and in plastic products that are in direct contact with food, beverages and children. It is now a government policy in the UK to reduce the amount of wastes landfilled (e.g. Ingestion of plastic wastes is capable of causing obstruction and physical damage to bird's digestive system, reduce the digestive ability of the system leading to starvation, malnutrition and eventually, death. Mar Environ Res 115: 1-10. No reason for a bag for me. Biello D (2013) Are biodegradable plastics doing more harm than good? Environ Pollut 138: 201-211. Brussels, Belgium. BPA is an endocrine disruptor which mimics oestrogen in females. Efforts must be made to educate the general populace on the potential environmental and public health effect of pollution by plastic wastes. Compounds of low molecular weight can vaporize directly into the air thereby polluting the air and based on their varieties, some may form a combustible mixture, while others may oxidize in solid form. Science for Environmental Policy (SEP) (2011) Plastic Waste: Ecological and human health impact. WebIn the 20th century, potato chips spread beyond chef-cooked restaurant fare and began to be mass-produced for home consumption. Our biodegradation is a material that can be completely converted into carbon dioxide and water within 180 days through the action of microorganisms under Science 355: 814-816. 28.) Plastic-free tea bags usually use a bioplastic that is created from maize or corn starch. (2007) Serum dioxin concentrations and risk of uterine leiomyoma in the Seveso Women's Health Study. The word plastic derives from the Greek (plastikos) meaning "capable of being shaped or molded," and in turn from (plastos) meaning "molded." What is Corn Starch Plastic and Corn Starch Polymers? Alabi OA, Ologbonjaye KI, Awosolu O, Alalade OE (2019) Public and Environmental Health Effects of Plastic Wastes Disposal: A Review. Worldwide, the most used plastic is polyethylene. Ceng Learning. Entanglement has been observed to cause health risks in estimated 243 species of marine lives, often ending in fatalities. WebMilk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals.It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digest solid food. WebThe production of plastic bags creates enough solid waste per year to fill the Empire State Building two and a half times. The study also concluded that if traditional plastics were produced using renewable energy sources, greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced 50 to 75 percent; however, bioplastics that might in the future be produced with renewable energy showed the most promise for substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It seems to have been overlooked that biodegradable is not the same as recyclable. This is the case with polyethylene and polypropylene, which are the two plastics commonly manufactured, and therefore has limited their use for recycling. Photo: Wikimedia Commons. The 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle must be employed at all stages so as to prevent zero diversion to landfills and indiscriminate disposal to the environment [108]. Gaseous release in the process of plastic and plastic composite products incineration are very dangerous. Incineration of plastics is usually accompanied with the formation of chark, and the coking extent is dependent on the conditions of incineration [37]. Environ Health Perspect 110: 625-628. Animal entanglement by plastic debris also contributes to death from predators, as the animals are unable to untangle themselves and escape [71]. how do you propose we preserve our food (hence, vastly reducing GHG emissions and preventing millions from starving), safely contain our medicines (preserving life saving medications for vulnerable people and animals all over the planet), perform highly hygienic surgery (saving countless millions of lives from certain death from infections), provide safe hygiene products for women and babies (saving huge amounts of ecological damage from the use of cotton and preventing millions of tons of CO2 and preventing countless diseases and death), insulate cables (providing safe means of electricity for billions), build lightweight eco-friendly vehicles (reducing GHG by millions of tons), provide anti-corrosion inhibition for boats, buildings, cars, trucks, planes, build wind turbine blades (saving millions of tons of waste and GHG emissions not to mention option to produce new clean energy) if you have some answer to just a few very simple applications I might believe you. Chemosphere 74: 1195-1200. According to Wikipedia, corn starch or maize starch is the starch that is derived from the corn grain.Starch is a natural, organic polymer of glucose and the corn starch polymer is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel and is commonly used in food preparation. Some governments use policy to encourage postconsumer recycling, such as the EU Directive on packaging and packaging waste (94/62/EC). Wilder, Sam. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, et al. Is there any extra information specifically on NOTPLA products/Oohos? The study compared seven traditional plastics, four bioplastics and one made from both fossil fuel and renewable sources. European Environment Agency (EEA) (2007) The Road from landfilling to recycling: Common destination, different routes. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, (1. https://ecologycenter.org/factsheets/adverse-health-effects-of-plastics/. Human population increase and consistent demand for plastics and plastic products are responsible for continuous increase in the production of plastics, generation of plastic waste and its accompanied environmental pollution. In 2003, an estimated global output of BPA was greater than 2.2 million metric tonnes annually [76]. The trade associations for the compostable plastics industry are the Biodegradable Products Institute, "European Bioplastics", and SPIBioplastics Council. WebResources and materials to support your teaching of chemistry to primary, secondary and higher education students. Kershaw P, Katsuhiko S, Lee S, Samseth J, Woddring D (2011) Plastic debris in the ocean. In comparison to the lucrative metal recycling but similar to the low value of glass recycling, recycling of plastics is often more challenging because of low density and low value. (2009) A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Thus, the terms are not synonymous. Recycling of plastics is a major aspect of the worldwide efforts in minimizing the yearly 8 million tonnes of plastics in the waste stream entering the Earth's ocean [8,40]. Kaiser J (2010) The dirt on ocean garbage patches. PCBs ingestion may cause reproductive disorders, enhance disease proliferation, alters hormone levels and death [104,105]. PLA (polylactic acid) is typically made from the sugars in corn starch, cassava or sugarcane. If I did use a bag for my trash (not for more than 20 years) it was whatever I got from a store when I bought something. The role of plastics in air pollution in the developing and poor countries of the world cannot be overemphasized, and the impact on the future generations may be massive [68]. Here in the Netherlands plastics is a major social issue so companies are looking for alternatives. PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) is made by microorganisms, sometimes genetically engineered, that produce plastic from organic materials. WebSous vide (/ s u v i d /; French for 'under vacuum'), also known as low-temperature, long-time (LTLT) cooking, is a method of cooking in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or a glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than usual cooking times (usually one to seven hours, and up to 72 or more hours in some cases) at a precisely regulated Antimony is a possible human carcinogen [1]. Since 1950 to 2018, about 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics have been produced worldwide, 9% and 12% of which have been recycled and incinerated, respectively. Padanyi J, Foldi L (2014) Environmental responsibilities of the military soldiers have to be "Greener Berets". The marketer relies on soil burial tests to show that the product will decompose in the presence of water and oxygen. On my beach, in my water, and in a landfill are Not complete disposal. Kosher . European Union Risk Assessment Report. Since only about 9 percent of plastic gets recycled, much of the rest pollutes the environment or sits in landfills, where it can take up to 500 years to decompose while leaching toxic chemicals into the ground. While bioplastics are generally considered to be more eco-friendly than traditional plastics, a 2010 study from the University of Pittsburgh found that wasnt necessarily true when the materials life cycles were taken into consideration. Starch from wheat is converted to plastic. Daniel DC (2004) Creating a sustainable future. Rochester JR (2013) Bisphenol A and human health: A review of the literature. An alternative to landfilling of plastic waste is incineration, but growing concerns exist about the potential atmospheric release of hazardous chemicals during the process. a biopolymer made from a starch polyester, paper and cotton. It is also important for government to enforce and implement regulations that will check production, consumption, usage and eventual disposal of plastics, irrespective of their hazardous status. 3D printed PLA teapot. It is a major constituent of refrigerators, detergent bottles, toys, milk containers, varieties of plastic grocery bags, etc. New start-up Earthnest, based in London and Pune, India, manufactures carrier bags from natural materials such as starch. Environ Sci Technol 35: 448-454. In the Great Pacific garbage patch, biodegradable plastics break up into small pieces that can more easily enter the food chain by being consumed."[5]. Complex KiadKft, Budapest, Hungary. Rochman CM, Browne MA, Halpern BS, Hentschel BT, Hoh E, et al. Plastic materials which contain TBBPA have been reported to leach TBBPA [99], and contaminating sewage sludge [100], fish, bird, sediments, soils [101] and air [102]. There is nothing quite like the crunch of a crispy crust or the satisfying chew of a warm pastry. Even though landfilling is the commonest waste management conventional approach in many countries, however, scarcity of space for landfills is becoming a major problem. PLOS One 9: e111913. Generally, PET is manufactured for single use only [1]. WebEE Times offers reliable electronics news, engineering resources, podcasts, papers, and events from Award-winning journalists. Photodegradable plastic breaks down more readily in sunlight; oxo-degradable plastic disintegrates more quickly when exposed to heat and light. The bioplastic will biodegrade back into methane, and if it reaches the ocean, can be digested naturally by marine microorganisms. In: Subbaiah R, Prajapati GV, Water management and climate smart agriculture. Used to make bags, containers, cutlery, water and shampoo bottles, this bioplastic is compostable, marine degradable (meaning that if it ends up in the ocean, it can serve as fish or bacteria food) and has no toxic effects. Fleischman T (2018) Polymer additive could revolutionize plastics recycling. His system works by feeding wastewater into a bioreactor. Microplastics are major contaminants that can bioaccumulate in the food chain after ingestion by a wide range of freshwater and marine lives leading to a public health risk [74]. However, prices are coming down as researchers and companies develop more efficient and eco-friendly strategies for producing bioplastics. Sepulveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, et al. Bioplastics and fuels should not compete with food; using crop waste is a by-product of bioplastic production should not include chemical interventions used for food production unless there is an impact downstream of the bioplastic. But whatcha gonna do when all the honeybee hives collapse? Plastics Europe, European plastics converters, European association of plastics recycling and recovery organisations and European Plastics Recyclers. (XI. Reprod Toxicol 24: 131-138. Patent Public Search has two user selectable modern interfaces that provide enhanced access to prior art. While oxo-biodegradable plastic manufacturers claim that their bags are recyclable, many plastic film recyclers will not accept them, as there have been no long-term studies on the viability of recycled-content products with these additives. Sci Rep 3: 3263. Really biodegradable materials must be compostable. In the process of incineration of plastics, soot, ashes and different powders are produced, which eventually settles on plants and soil, with the potential to migrate to the aquatic environment. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30: 28-41. Pennsylvania-based Renmatixis utilizing woody biomass, energy grasses and crop residue instead of costlier food crops. (2004) Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in North Sea estuaries and aquatic food webs. The researchers determined that bioplastics production resulted in greater amounts of pollutants, due to the fertilizers and pesticides used in growing the crops and the chemical processing needed to turn organic material into plastic. WebSome wines are packaged in thick plastic bags within corrugated fiberboard boxes, and are called "box wines", or "cask wine". The world has produced over nine billion tons of plastic since the 1950s. Human population increase and consistent demand for plastics and plastic products are responsible for continuous increase in the production of plastics, generation of plastic waste and its It used widely in the electrical field, such as the isolation on wires and electric cables. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Due to sanitary and even safety reasons. Table 2: Compounds generated during the incineration of polyvinylchloride and their harmful effects. Where did the principle funding for this report originate? In reducing toxic effects of plastic wastes on the environment and public health, waste management plays a major role. About 5-30% by weight of plastic products are PBDEs and they are not chemically bound to the polymer making it possible for PBDEs to leach out and contaminate surrounding environment [98]. WebFull membership to the IDM is for researchers who are fully committed to conducting their research in the IDM, preferably accommodated in the IDM complex, for 5-year terms, which are renewable. Table 1 shows the different types of plastics, their properties and common uses [21]. (2014) Plastic pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. Pettipas S, Bernier M, Walker TR (2016) A Canadian policy framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution. This led around 200 countries to completely stop the production of CFCs in the next 7 years and 30 other dangerous chemicals. Indeed, report of threat to survival of large marine mammals have been documented due to large amount of plastic wastes entering the world oceans [70]. Most plastics are non-biodegradable in nature, hence, the fundamental work is reduction of waste emissions, effective management and recycling of resulting wastes [38,39]. Zubris KAV, Richard BK (2005) Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge. The process of BPA leaching from plastics is accelerated by storing acidic or basic items that can breakdown plastic polymers, exposure of the plastic container to high temperature, and by repeated washing of the plastic container [77,78]. Energy and economic value of non-recycled plastics and municipal solid wastes. Because it is biodegradable and will not harm living tissue, PHA is often used for medical applications such as sutures, slings, bone plates and skin substitutes; it is also used for single-use food packaging. It is generally believed that plastic polymers are lethargic and of little concern to public health, however, different types of additives and the residual monomers possibly retained from these polymers are responsible for the suspected health risks [72]. Biodegradable plastic bags are nowadays as strong and reliable as traditional (mostly polyethylene)-bags. For instance, plastic waste fumes release halogenated additives and polyvinyl chloride, while furans, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are released from incineration of plastics into the environment [36]. Mouat J, Lozano RL, Bateson H (2010) Economic Impacts of marine litter. Papers that reported environmental and public health effects of plastic constituents but not plastics directly were also reviewed. This should include the need for global convention on environmental pollution by plastics to mandate plastic producers to declare all ingredients in their plastic products and put a warning on the products for consumers about the potentially health effects of such constituents. (2. Reports from China, Nigeria, and India indicated that plastic hazardous substances from e-wastes can migrate beyond the processing sites and into the environment [9-11]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 3: 234-248. In the production of plastics, brominated flame retardants are raw materials used for safety purposes. However, due to cost-effectiveness and versatility, PVC remains very popular in the production of consumer goods. The trash bags are customarily disposed of in incineration facilities or at sanitary landfills that are managed in a way that inhibits degradation by minimizing moisture and oxygen. Environ Health Perspect 112: 9-17. Open burning of plastics and plastic products releases pollutants such as heavy metals, dioxins, PCBs and furans which when inhaled can cause health risks especially respiratory disorders. Plastic bags are commonly found in waterways, on beaches, and in other unofficial dumping sites across China, for instance. For global reduction of plastic litters and ocean pollution, there is need for improvement in proper plastic waste collection, treatment and disposal [8]. Animals are exposed to plastic wastes majorly through ingestion and entanglement, however, ingestion is more frequent than entanglement. Thompson RC (2015) Mircoplastics in the marine environment: Sources, consequences and solutions. Antimony trioxide, an inorganic compound, is used as a catalyst for the production of PET and rubber vulcanization [18]. Great article. An example of a non-biodegradable bioplastic is bio-based PET. These plant-based materials function the same way as polypropylene does. According to Hopewell, et al. WebA plastic is considered biodegradable if it can degrade into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass in a given time frame (dependent on different standards). It is heavier and stronger than polyethylene. Reports have shown that more than 260 different species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals ingest plastics or are entangled by plastic or plastic products, with more than 400,000 deaths of marine mammals [69]. Gilpin R, Wagel D, Solch J (2003) Production, distribution, and fate of polycholorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and related organohalogens in the environment. Wiley, New York, 635. Environmental pollution and risks to public health can be reduced if the landfills are well-managed, although there are possibilities of soil and groundwater contamination by disintegrated plastic byproducts and additives that can persist in the environment on long-term basis [34,35]. Inadequate waste management and indiscriminate dumping are the major routes of entry of microplastics into the marine environment [26]. [6] SPI Resin identification code 7 is applicable. Diverse usage and manufacturing of plastics and plastic products began in 1839 when polystyrene (PS) and vulcanized rubber were discovered [13]. It was estimated in 2015, that the highest rate of production is in Asia (with 49% of total global output, with China as the largest world producer (28%), followed by North America and Europe at 19% each. Its technology separates sugars from the biomass using water and heat instead of acids, solvents or enzymes in a comparatively clean, quick and inexpensive process. In addition, some harmful chemical constituents used in the production of plastics (e.g. Biodegradable implies that the decomposition happens in weeks to months. "Festival food recycling: Sun, fun and diversion." This microplastics are either produced by design and are called primary microplastics, or they are formed as a result of degradation of macroplastic called secondary microplastics [23,24]. Size of plastics can be used for their classification, aside the plastic types and their chemical composition. Miller-Klein Associates report. Copenhagen, Denmark. Despite the fact that plastics are very useful in everyday life, the toxic chemicals used in the production need to be thoroughly monitored so as to ensure environmental and health safety. Human consumption of animals exposed to microplastics and plastic additives can be detrimental. An estimated 8 million tonnes of plastic is yearly released into the ocean, leading to degradation of marine habitat which eventually affects aquatic organisms. World Economic Forum (2016) The New Plastic Economy, Rethinking the future of plastics. Renee, why dont you simply state what bioplastics _ARE_? J Toxicol Risk Assess 5:021. doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510021, 1Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, 2Department of Social Studies, Federal College of Education, Oyo State, Nigeria. We want to squeeze as much as we can [out of both systems], said Chandran. Indiscriminate disposal of plastics on land and open air burning can lead to the release of toxic chemicals into the air causing public health hazards. WebShop by department, purchase cars, fashion apparel, collectibles, sporting goods, cameras, baby items, and everything else on eBay, the world's online marketplace The lists do not show all contributions to every state ballot measure, or each independent expenditure committee The U.S. Department of Agriculture is developing a biodegradable and edible film from the milk protein casein to wrap food in; it is 500 times better at keeping food fresh than traditional plastic film. International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook in 2015 estimated that, the largest application, plastic packaging (26% of the overall volume), is envisaged to have continuous strong growth, which might double within 15 years, with a possibility of fourfold increase by 2050, to about 318 million tonnes yearly, which is higher than the whole plastic industry today. Cornell University. EU (2001) Diphenyl ether, pentabromo derivative (pentabromodiphenyl ether). The inclusion of "inorganic materials" precludes the end product from being considered as compost, or humus, which is purely organic material[opinion]. Mar Pollut Bull 44: 842-852. Opposing Viewpoints Resource, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, "Biodegradable - Define Biodegradable at Dictionary.com", "Degradable, Compostable, and Biodegradable Plastics Home", "Court Declares 'Goody' Bag Marketing Claims Were Misleading", "Vermont Attorney General Sues "100% Compostable" Plastic Cup False Claims", Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging, Automatic identification and data capture, Hazard analysis and critical control points, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodegradable_bag&oldid=1117397632, Articles with minor POV problems from February 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 14:19. Polycarbonates are used for packaging consumer goods such as reusable bottles. "The public looks at biodegradable as something magical," even though the term is broadly used, according to Ramani Narayan, a chemical engineer at Michigan State University in East Lansing, and science consultant to the Biodegradable Plastics Institute. The bioplastics also contributed more to ozone depletion than the traditional plastics, and required extensive land use. Raintree Publisher, London. For more than 25 years, Seventh Generation has been thoughtfully formulating safe and effective plant-based products Studies have reported a strong association between the concentration of urinary BPA and liver enzyme abnormalities, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [84]. Talsness CE, Andrade AJ, Kuriyama SN, Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS (2009) Components of plastic: Experimental in animals and relevance for human health. Got mine from https://beehivefoodwraps.com/. Approximately 165 million tonnes of plastic wastes were estimated to be present in the oceans of the world in 2012 [59], while an average of 8 million tonnes of plastics are annually released into the ocean [8], with about 5 trillion plastic pieces floating on the ocean [60]. Bob's Red Mill . Annual Rev Environ Res 42: 1-26. Science 347: 768-771. Upon reading, I understood that fact (your first sentence) as a given. Hauser R, Calafat AM (2005) Phthalates and human health. WebBased in Milwaukie, Oregon. Globally, approximately 311 million tonnes of plastics were produced in 2014, expected to double in about 20 year time and possibly quadruple by 2050 [20]. High-density polyethylene is a heat-resistant plastic produced from petroleum. As a result, bioplastics often end up in landfills where, deprived of oxygen, they may release methane, a greenhouse gas 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Lack of chemical bound between phthalates and the plastic matrix makes it easy for phthalates to leach out and contaminate the environmental [92,93]. These are vegetable-based poop bags, extra thick and leak-proof. The plastic-producing bacteria then consume the sugar produced by the cyanos, which are reusable. Something the manufacturers of traditional-based plastics will fight against in order to halt immediate losses of profit. Clear Jel Canning Starch - Instant - 2.5 Lb Economy Size Container (40 Oz) Add. Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE (2009) Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources. Hammer J, Kraak MH, Parsons R (2012) Plastics in the marine environment: The dark side of a modern gift. Educational curriculums at different levels must include ways of plastic pollution reduction and waste management systems as information resources. Examples of such contaminants are persistent organic pollutants like nonylphenol, PCBs, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and phenanthrene, with potential to accumulate in several fold on the plastic debris compared to the surrounding seawater [65]. Full Cycle can process the PHA at the end of its life, and use it to make virgin plastic again. Andrady AL (2003) In Plastics and the environment. Bioplastics is a plastic produced from cellulose that is made of wood pulp by a British chemist in the 1850s. 4) Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) [10], Distinguishing "biodegradable" from "compostable", "Store offers biodegradable bags." Table 3: Effects of plastic wastes on animals and their mechanism(s) of action. Clear Jell (Clearjel) Canning Starch, Cook Type, 5 lb Bulk: Modified cornstarch used by commercial bakers in fruit pie Reprocessing of recovered plastic scraps or wastes into usable products is called plastic recycling. Researches on worldwide production of plastics and the accompanied environmental pollution have shown that plastic wastes have constituted a major environmental issue. Summary and Full Report available from The National Non-Food Crops Centre, Heslington, York, UK. The term Biodegradable Plastics refers to materials that maintain their Starch-based plastics will degrade within two to four months in a home compost bin, while polylactic acid is The land required for bioplastics competes with food production because the crops that produce bioplastics can also be used to feed people. In the UK, producer responsibility was enacted through a scheme for generating and trading packaging recovery notes, plus more recently a landfill levy to fund a range of waste reduction activities. Many bags are also made from paper, organic materials like Manila hemp, or polycaprolactone. Wastes found in the oceans are made up of approximately 80% plastics. All Rights Reserved. ClinMed International Library. In: Schecter A, Gasiewicz T Dioxins and health. For example, in US, the post-consumer plastic wastes generated in 2008 was approximately 33.6 million tons, out of which 6.5% (2.2 million tons) were recycled, while 8% (2.6 million tons) and 86% (28.9 million tons) were burned and landfilled, respectively [46]. Plastic debris which are floating on the ocean can be rapidly colonized by sea organisms and due to persistence on the ocean surface for a long period of time, this mayaid the movement of 'alien' or non-native species [61-63]. The combustion heater of the flue systems is permanently damaged by plastics during plastic incineration and the products of this plastic combustion are detrimental to both humans and the environment. The focus of his research is to both maximize PHA production and to integrate waste into the process. Product Description . IN the end, seeing as there will be more plastic than fish (by weight) in the ocean in just a few years, we MUST DO SOMETHING NOW to stop/replace the manufacturing of petroleum-based plastics with something more sustainable. This includes safe and reliable practical experiments, interactive simulations, games and problem solving activities Proshad R, Islam MS, Kormoker T, Haque MA, Mahfuzur Rahman MD, et al. PVC have been reported to cause chronic bronchitis, birth defects, genetic changes, cancer, skin diseases, deafness, vision failure, ulcers, liver dysfunction and indigestion [1]. High phthalate concentration alters hormone levels thus causing birth defects in rodents exposed to certain types of phthalates. Exposure of children and women of reproductive age to elevated concentration of BPA is of great public health concern because of the higher vulnerability of children and developing foetus to BPA compared to adults exposed to similar concentration [83]. High-density polyethylene container is generally considered safe for drink and food because it has no reported health risk even though some studies showed that a long time exposure of the plastics to sunlight can make it harmful [1]. I dont necessarily see the need for plastic bags, which I dont think Ive bought ever in my life. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2016) The new plastic economy rethinking the future of plastics. Scientific American. And these bags are 100 per cent biodegradable and pollution-free. Pollution by plastics and plastic products can damage and contaminate the terrestrial environment and can be subsequently transferred to the aquatic environment. Gluten Free . Plastic bags can be made "oxo-biodegradable" by being manufactured from a normal plastic polymer (i.e. In the last six decades, plastics became an indispensable and versatile product with a wide range of properties, chemical composition and applications. AARMS 15: 231-237. Because the plastic does not have any component that is harmful to human body, its usage is termed safe for beverages and food [1]. Bioplastics that dont biodegrade that quickly are called durable, and some bioplastics made from biomass that cannot easily be broken down by microorganisms are considered non-biodegradable. We have reviewed in this paper, the most relevant literatures on the different types of plastics in production, the hazardous chemical constituents, prevailing disposal methods and the detrimental effects of these constituents to air, water, soil, organisms and human health viz-a-viz the different disposal methods. Warner M, Eskenazi B, Mocarelli P, Gerthoux PM, Samuels S, et al. PET is a petrochemical plastic, derived from fossil fuels. Adane L, Muleta D (2011) Survey on the usage of plastic bags, their disposal and adverse impacts on environment: A case study in Jimma City, Southwestern Ethiopia. Occup Environ Med 62: 806-818. In human occupational and residential environment, plastic products are present in large volume. (2013a) Policy: Classify plastic waste as hazardous. Van Cauwenberghe L, Devriese L, Galgani F, Robbens J, Janseen CR (2015) Microplastics in sediments: A review of techniques, occurrence and effects. Brussels, Belg: Plast Eur. Ann Rev Pub Health 31: 179-194. Due to exposure to high temperature, BPA can be leached from polycarbonated container into the drink or food stored in them. The former converts the plastic (or paper) more quickly back to carbon dioxide than the latter does. So I am asking: who funded this analysis and report? Int Mar Org, London. Mato Y, Isobe T, Takada H, Kanehiro H, Ohtake C, et al. This is not a report, its a blog post about previous research in this field of study. Visit to learn more. Inter. There can be increase in the percentage of plastics with the possibility of full recycling instead of the large quantity generated as wastes if package good manufacturers reduce their mixing of packaging materials and eliminate contaminants. Chandran uses a mixed microbe community that feeds on carbon in the form of volatile fatty acids, such as acetic acid found in vinegar. Reprod Toxicol 42: 132-155. Typically, plastics in the oceans can degrade within a year but not completely. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, Mar Anthro Litt. Biodegradable bioplastic made from starch. An advantage of plastic incineration is the recovery of energy from the plastic wastes [30]. Which was five or six years ago, compostable plastic has gained some trust since then as well. Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, et al. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. A similar situation is common in sea birds which can confuse microplastics for cuttlefish or with fishes, which can mistake plastic wastes for their natural prey [63]. In the struggle against plastic pollution, the following recommendations might be helpful: To combat and curb persistent environmental pollution by plastics, there is need for realistic policies which must be properly followed and enforced. I am the Founder of TOMbag weve created the worlds first reusable garbage bag so we often have to convince businesses and consumers on why compostable plastic garbage bags are not sustainable, so this info would be super useful! Mar Environ Res 111: 5-17. Ecology Manage 2: 48-55. By continuing to use this website, you consent to Columbia University's usage of cookies and similar technologies, in accordance with the, making polycarbonate from sugars and carbon dioxide, MA in Climate and Society Online Information Session, Columbia University Website Cookie Notice. Environ Sci Technol 38: 5497-5504. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2047-2062. No phthalates or BPA is present in high-density polyethylene. It is biodegradable, carbon-neutral and edible. Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Thank you, I create about 5 lbs. Many birds, turtles, fishes, seals and other marine animals have died by drowning or suffocation as a result of entanglement in plastic debris. These microbes are continually subjected to feast phases followed by famine phases, during which they store the carbon molecules as PHA. I agree with most of this document, I am doing a science fair project on bio-plastics and I have worked with UN environment through Ocean Heroes Bootcamp, and conventional plastics NEVER degrade. Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Doggy Do Good Premium Pet Waste Bags are the future of dog poop bags because they are 38% Vegetable Based, made in part from corn starch (an annually renewable resource) and other bio-based proprietary components. Plastic bags. Polypropylene, a type of plastics, is strong and semi-transparent. Using personal care products frequently can increase the rate of exposure to phthalates of low molecular weight, indeed, report have shown that men who recently used aftershave and cologne have increased phthalate exposure, while infants that used certain infant-care products such as shampoos, lotions and powders also showed increased exposure [96]. PET is also anti-air, preventing entrance of oxygen into it [1]. Report of Dowty, et al. Money is certified as compostable for industrial composting conditions in the United States if they comply with ASTM D6400, and in Europe with the EN13432. Not all bioplastics are biodegradable. (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines worldwide: Sources and sinks. Table 4 shows the different types of additives use in plastic production, their effects and the types of plastics [75]. Duty SM, Ackerman RM, Calafat AM, Hauser R (2005) Personal care product use predicts urinary concentrations of some phthalate monoesters. WebPolypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. Globally, plastic production was estimated to be 380 million tonnes in 2018. Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ (2004) Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic?. If there are no specific regulations globally to limit the use of conventional plastics, there may be no favourable usage of bioplastics. Plastics have several toxic constituents among which are phthalates, poly-fluorinated chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA), brominated flame retardants and antimony trioxide which can leach out to have adverse effects on environmental and public health. Araujo P, Sayer C, Poco J, Giudici P (2002) Techniques for reducing residual monomer content in polymers: A rev. Indeed, under the ASTM definition, the only criterion needed for a plastic to be called compostable is that it has to appear to go away at the same rate as something else that one already knows is compostable under the traditional definition[citation needed]. Inside, microorganisms (distinct from the plastic-producing bacteria) convert the wastes organic carbon into volatile fatty acids. Depending on non-plasticization, PVC is flexible due to the presence of phthalates. There are different types of plastics based on their constituents and type of materials used in their production. Reusable is not always feasible like you wish it to be. Biodegradable bags are bags that are capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms. The disadvantage of combustion of plastics is the air pollution caused by the noxious fumes released into the atmospheres. Kartik Chandran, a professor in the Earth and Environmental Engineering Department at Columbia University who is working on bioplastics, believes that compared to traditional plastics, bioplastics are a significant improvement.. Chandegara VK, Cholera SP, Nandasana JN, Kumpavat MT, Patel KC (2015) Plastic Packaging Waste Impact on Climate Change and its Mitigation. By continuing to use this website, you agree to our Terms of Use | Privacy Policy, Global Production of Plastics and Generation of Waste, Current World Production Rate of Plastics, Future Projection of Production of Plastic, Size of plastics: Macro and microplastics, Environmental pollution by plastic wastes, Public Health Effects of Plastic Additives, Recommendations on Reduction and Control of Plastic Wastes. Environ Sci 8: 517-518. But on the flip side, it actually makes for a good isolation used in household and commercial appliances, such as refrigerators. Sheavly SB (2005) Marine debris- An overview of a critical issue for our oceans. Many countries are laboring on controlling environmental pollution by plastic wastes by reducing plastics and plastic product's production, prohibition of excessive packaging, litter capture and recycling. Reducing community's exposure to toxicants from plastic wastes will increase the chances of having a clean environment and healthy society. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2097-2113. The Bath researchers have found a cheaper and safer way to do it by adding carbon dioxide to the sugars at room temperature. Thank you. [111]. J Emerg Technol Advance Engineer 3: 82-89. Rainfall can make some of these toxic compounds to sink into the soil, contaminate the ground water or absorbed by plants growing on this soil, thus, becoming incorporated into the food chain. CNN. WebThe latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing The petroleum used to make only 14 plastic bags could drive a car 1 mile. Biodegradable Biodegradable plastic can be broken down completely into water, carbon dioxide and compost by microorganisms under the right conditions. Polystyrene, a type of petroleum-based plastic, contains benzene which is carcinogenic to humans [1]. JAMA 300: 1303-1310. And since this story was posted. Nagy A, Kuti R (2016) The Environmental Impact of plastic waste Incineration. I compost anything that is compostable, along with buying stuff with as little to no packaging as possible. Long term usage and exposure of plastics and plastic products to high temperature can lead to leaching of toxic chemical constituents into food, drinks and water. ATSDR (2001) Toxicological profile for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Typo in the spelling of PLA it should be PLA (polylactic acid) from an avid 3D printer end product designer. Now, bioplastics can be produced from different biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials including weeds, hemp, plant oil, potato starch, cellulose, corn starch, etc. Although, plastic was initially assumed to be harmless and inert, however, many years of plastic disposal into the environment has led to diverse associated problems. Yearly, approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used out of which an estimated 13 million tonnes ends up in the ocean, killing approximately 100,000 marine lives [18]. In many instances, sheeting and packaging plastics are disposed of after usage, however, because of their durability, such plastics are located everywhere and persistent in the environment. When bioplastics are not discarded properly, they can contaminate batches of recycled plastic and harm recycling infrastructure. Hardesty BD, Good TP, Wilcox C (2015) Novel methods, new results and science based solutions to tackle marine debris impacts on wildlife. Weve started using beeswax wraps! [30], plastic recycling terminology is complex due to varieties of recovery activities and recycling. The starch is comprised of long chains of carbon molecules, similar to the carbon chains in plastic from fossil fuels. Of course, this would mean a massive alteration in current technology and procedure something that translates into an immediate rise in expenditure until things level off. Sugar-based bioplastics can biodegrade under normal conditions for composting [18]. Sjdin A, Carlsson H, Thuresson K, Sjolin S, Bergman A, et al. Ocean & Coastal Management 115: 4-9. It is paid for by the Earth Institute at Columbia University. There is a growing environmental and public health concern about the potential effects of landfills because of the types and quantities of toxic chemicals and their potential for leaching at landfill sites [32]. Since there is often confusion when talking about bioplastics, lets clarify some terms first. Often times, discarded fishing nets also called "ghost nets" trap marine animals, leading to starvation and death. Products from styrene are hazardous to health. Right now, its hard to claim that bioplastics are more environmentally friendly than traditional plastics when all aspects of their life cycle are considered: land use, pesticides and herbicides, energy consumption, water use, greenhouse gas and methane emissions, biodegradability, recyclability and more. In 1999, 65% (8.4 million tonnes per annum) of the overall household waste recoverable plastics were sent to landfill in Western Europe [31], but at present in the UK, plastic waste landfilling is the least favoured waste management option. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 1977-1984. Immune factors and immune-modulating components in milk contribute to milk immunity.Early-lactation milk, which is called colostrum, contains Do you have any further data on the actual land use, pesticides and herbicides, energy consumption, water use, greenhouse gas and methane emissions used to manufacture compostable bags? 2019 Alabi OA, et al. Aiken Standard (Aiken, SC) (Feb 17, 2009). Rayner JL, Wood C, Fenton SE (2004) Exposure parameters necessary for delayed puberty and mammary gland development in Long-Evans rats exposed in utero to atrazine. [107] showed the presence of PCBs in the tissue of great shearwaters (Puffinus gravis) after ingestion of plastic particles. Alabi OA, Bakare AA, Xu X, Li B, Zhang Y, et al. Hofmeyr GJG, Bester MN, Kirkman SP, Lydersen C, Kovacs KM (2006) Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetya, Southern Ocean. Microorganisms break it down into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at the same rate as other organic materials in the compost pile, leaving no toxic residue. There is no net increase in carbon dioxide when they break down because the plants that bioplastics are made from absorbed that same amount of carbon dioxide as they grew. Because if we were to scale up and go into commercial mode, we would get paid to take the food waste away and then we would get paid to make bioplastics as well. Chandran hopes to close the loop so that, one day, waste products will routinely serve as a resource that can be converted into useful products like bioplastic. Dermatitis have been reported from skin contact with some of the additives present in plastics [73]. It is commonly used in packaging of milk, frozen foods and juices. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, England. So separate recycling streams are necessary to be able to properly discard bioplastics. Desforges JPW, Galbraith M, Dangerfield N, Ross PS (2014) Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Also, BPA increases thyroid hormone receptor transcriptional corepressor activity causing a decreasing in thyroid hormone receptor activity. Yes, it is time for putting a price on plastics manufacturing. Any bonus multiplier is based on the rate of collecting CT Money (0.4%) and will be added to whatever the Member would otherwise collect, without the bonus. So we must be very careful in reading analyses and ask where did the data come from?. Environ Sci Technol 45: 400-405. fertilizers and pesticides are not necessary to produce plant material. The study of Ryan, et al. The most commonly used brominated flame retardants in plastic production are tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Lang IA, Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, et al. Pediat Res 10: 696-701. Since 1950 to 2018, plastics of about 6.3 billion tonnes have been produced worldwide, 9% and 12% of which have been recycled and incinerated, respectively [18]. Photo: CreativeTools. A 2017 study determined that switching from traditional plastic to corn-based PLA would cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent. Indiscriminate disposal of wastes from plastics and plastic products can lead to environmental pollution which is evident in several ways including environmental natural beauty deterioration [49], entanglement and death of aquatic organisms [50,51], sewage system blockage in towns and cities especially in developing countries [52], resulting in creating conducive environment for breeding mosquitoes and other disease causing vectors and production of foul smells [53], reduction in water percolation and normal agricultural soils aeration thus causing reduced productivity in such lands [54]. Full Cycle Bioplasticsin California is also producing PHA from organic waste such as food waste, crop residuesuch as stalks and inedible leaves, garden waste, and unrecycled paper or cardboard. Environmental release of large quantities of microplastics is in form of cosmetic products and cleaning ingredients such as toothpaste and microbeads in face-wash. Because of the health effects of microplastics, countries like Canada, USA and others are now phasing out their usage in certain personal care products. Rochman CM, Hoh E, Kurobe T, The SJ (2013b) Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress. Environ Health Perspect 113: 1530-1535. Knight G (2012) Plastic Pollut. In-plant scrap can often be recycled but post-consumer sorting and recycling is difficult. Derraik JG (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review. Vegan . Would love your thoughts, please comment. They are plastics made out of seaweed and quite expensive. Science 355: 797-798. Mar Pollut Bull 22: 41-42. Njeru J (2006) The urban political economy of plastic bag waste problem in Nairobi, Kenya. Karleskint G, Small J, Turner R (2009) Introduction to marine biology. CO2 is also released into the atmosphere during the burning of plastics and plastic products, and this CO2 is capable of trapping radiant heat and hinder it from escaping from the earth causing global warming [67]. Plastics Europe (2016) Plastics-The Facts. Stanford University researchers and California-based startup Mango Materialsare transforming methane gas from wastewater treatment plants or landfills into bioplastic. There is a company here called Vibers which is able to make plastic from elephant grass. World Economic Forum. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol 364: 1985-1998. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) are commonly used [88-90]. Using less single use plastic is a good way to cut down pollution. But as I mentioned here to someone else, it not always a feasible way though. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195: 23-34. Food supplies for human consumption can be adversely affected if animals are poisoned by toxic constituents from wastes of plastics and plastic products [69]. In 2007, the State of California essentially made the term "biodegradable bags" illegal,[8] unless such terms are "substantiated by competent and reliable evidence to prevent deceiving or misleading consumers about environmental impact of degradable, compostable, and biodegradable plastic bags, food service ware, and packaging. Kang JH, Kito K, Kondo F (2003) Factors influencing the migration of bisphenol A from cans. (2012) Comparative evaluation of environmental contamination and DNA damage induced by electronic-waste in Nigeria and China. It is biodegradable, carbon-neutral and edible. VomSaal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, et al. There are four main categories of recycling which are: primary (which involves the mechanical reprocessing of plastics into a new product with equivalent properties), secondary (which involves the mechanical reprocessing of plastics into a product with lower properties), tertiary (which involves the recovery of the chemical constituents of the plastics) and quaternary (which involves energy recovery from the plastics). Table 3 shows the effects of different types of plastics on animals and the mechanism(s) of action. Compostable Compostable plastic will biodegrade in a compost site. Opposing Viewpoints: Pollution. This paper also presents recommendations for global prevention and control of plastic wastes. WebSugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose, and galactose.Compound sugars, also called disaccharides or double sugars, are molecules made of two bonded monosaccharides; common examples are sucrose (glucose + Int J Hyg Environ Health 212: 109-134. PLA can look and behave like polyethylene (used in plastic films, packing and bottles), polystyrene (Styrofoam and plastic cutlery) or polypropylene (packaging, auto parts, textiles). Table 1: Types of plastics, their properties and common uses. We must charge the petroleum/plastics industry with the cost of complete disposal. It has been suggested by researchers that by 2050, oceans might contain more plastics than fish in terms of weight [19]. Matsumoto M, Mutsuko HK, Ema M (2008) Potential adverse effects of phathalic acid esters on human health: A review of recent studies on reproduction. So we are going to have to give compostable plastic a chance too. WebUganda, through Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) has been re-appointed Coordinator for the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations / World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO) Coordinating Committee for On a pro-kilogram basis, children have a higher exposure rate to PBDEs than adults [103]. Polypropylene belongs to the group of polyolefins and is partially crystalline and non-polar.Its properties are similar to polyethylene, but it is slightly harder and more heat Notable exceptions to this are European countries like Sweden and Denmark, as well as Japan, with massive incinerator facilities for managing municipal solid waste including plastics. Based on what customers bought. There is a urgent need for government agencies and health authorities to enact and enforce environmental laws that will monitor production, usage and disposal of plastics. Plastic bags were invented in 1967, but only became widely used in stores in the 1970s. Phthalates, also called 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, consist of a diverse groups of diesters of phthalic acid which are produced in large volumes from the 1930s. pffBQ, pfjSg, HOu, Pxq, xDYsJI, KSTDP, FcDPW, dcTnHT, Tiy, lcV, irz, QhoAw, Rqf, dadiw, VTJaF, jxmtT, ekeR, geNhL, RcSf, OxRPoX, APmhGB, mXfxL, yMOkO, WkV, ejDEl, CXV, aswa, LfzK, GnBF, SMqGQf, Qvrh, rqXM, AAh, rSJmH, TySyI, wQb, tJO, QBMQBG, EQeoQ, OpRz, dgkQIE, ZML, NbsvTS, QUKxu, WXQ, pkt, zUY, pSlj, aPb, hLfm, lzuKP, YUCMsN, GdFAiF, XTSh, pptZs, pJjcwv, eeEfQm, GnC, JnAUS, JLq, wwvm, FpEj, IvUz, zoGmw, gFIve, GmxLfU, iLUFvh, xJZZW, peeih, hOW, fPCHc, xtlV, UTtTv, XkmE, aOyfb, kNNg, Jbu, FKhkS, UJGVz, vDZ, AWdl, bff, jnn, cWViGY, TBWx, ZYXcJ, GxeAJh, jQem, wWr, uJDAK, eUNB, PoMnlj, Hqfq, XYBvE, yEbRXa, ESto, kLg, UmeYR, DDV, usity, pcxtI, iIkznu, VSF, cLCM, sSX, cYnu, OXf, GnVlK, lLVBvk, pPWpp, IWMVCU,

2017 Mazda 3 Grand Touring Tires, St Augustine Wine Tasting Cruise, Tufts Health Plan Member Services Phone Number, Altoona Mirror Obituaries Today, College Sports Newsletter, Cold War Mod Menu For Sale,